Loye APT, APT-Kaṣe ati Awọn ofin Lo Wọn Nigbagbogbo

Ti o ba ti lo Debian tabi pinpin orisun Debian bi Ubuntu tabi Mint Linux, lẹhinna awọn aye ni pe o ti lo eto package APT lati fi sori ẹrọ tabi yọ software kuro. Paapa ti o ko ba tii tẹ lori laini aṣẹ, eto ipilẹ ti o ṣe agbara GUI oluṣakoso package rẹ ni eto APT.

Loni, a yoo ṣe akiyesi diẹ ninu awọn ofin ti o faramọ, ki a si lọ sinu diẹ ninu awọn aṣẹ APT ti o lo tabi ni igbagbogbo, ati tan imọlẹ diẹ si eto apẹrẹ ti o wuyi.

Kini APT?

APT duro fun Ọpa Package To ti ni ilọsiwaju. O ti kọkọ rii ni Debian 2.1 pada ni 1999. Ni pataki, APT jẹ eto iṣakoso fun awọn idii dpkg, bi a ti rii pẹlu itẹsiwaju * .deb. A ṣe apẹrẹ lati ma ṣe ṣakoso awọn idii ati awọn imudojuiwọn nikan, ṣugbọn lati yanju ọpọlọpọ awọn ọran igbẹkẹle nigba fifi awọn idii kan sii.

Gẹgẹbi ẹnikẹni ti o nlo Linux pada ni awọn ọjọ aṣaaju wọnyẹn, gbogbo wa ni a mọ pẹlu ọrọ\"apaadi igbẹkẹle" nigbati o n gbiyanju lati ṣajọ nkan lati orisun, tabi paapaa nigbati o ba n ba nọmba kan ti awọn faili RPM kọọkan ti Red Hat ṣe.

APT yanju gbogbo awọn ọran igbẹkẹle wọnyi ni adaṣe, ṣiṣe fifi sori eyikeyi package, laibikita iwọn tabi nọmba awọn igbẹkẹle aṣẹ kan laini kan. Si awọn ti wa ti o ṣiṣẹ fun awọn wakati lori awọn iṣẹ wọnyi, eyi jẹ ọkan ninu awọn\"oorun ti o ya awọn awọsanma" ni awọn aye Linux wa!

Oye Iṣeto APT

Faili akọkọ yii ti a yoo wo jẹ ọkan ninu awọn faili iṣeto APT.

$ sudo cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main
deb-src http://us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main

deb http://us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main
deb-src http://us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main

deb http://us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb http://us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb-src http://us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe

Bi o ṣe le ṣee ṣe yọkuro lati faili awọn orisun.list, Mo n lo Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise Pangolin). Mo tun nlo awọn ibi ipamọ mẹta:

  1. Ibi-ipamọ akọkọ
  2. Ibi ipamọ Agbaye
  3. Ibi ipamọ Aabo Ubuntu

Ilana ti faili yii jẹ rọrun rọrun:

deb (url) release repository

Laini ti o tẹle ni ibi ipamọ faili faili. O tẹle ọna kika kanna:

deb-src (url) release repository

Faili yii dara julọ nikan ni ohun ti o yoo ni lati ṣatunkọ nipa lilo APT, ati awọn aye ni pe awọn aiyipada yoo ṣe olupin fun ọ daradara daradara ati pe iwọ kii yoo nilo lati satunkọ rẹ rara.

Sibẹsibẹ, awọn akoko wa ti o le fẹ lati ṣafikun awọn ibi ipamọ ẹni-kẹta. Iwọ yoo rọrun lati tẹ wọn sii ni lilo ọna kika kanna, ati lẹhinna ṣiṣe aṣẹ imudojuiwọn:

$ sudo apt-get update

AKIYESI: Ṣe iranti pupọ ti fifi awọn ibi ipamọ ẹnikẹta kun !!! Ṣafikun nikan lati awọn orisun igbẹkẹle ati olokiki. Fifi awọn ibi ipamọ dodgy kun tabi dapọ awọn idasilẹ le ṣe ibajẹ eto rẹ ni pataki!

A ti wo oju-iwe awọn orisun awọn orisun wa ati bayi mọ bi a ṣe le ṣe imudojuiwọn rẹ, nitorinaa kini atẹle? Jẹ ki a fi diẹ ninu awọn idii sii. Jẹ ki a sọ pe a nṣiṣẹ olupin kan ati pe a fẹ fi WordPress sii. Ni akọkọ jẹ ki a wa package naa:

$ sudo apt-cache search wordpress
blogilo - graphical blogging client
drivel - Blogging client for the GNOME desktop
drupal6-mod-views - views modules for Drupal 6
drupal6-thm-arthemia - arthemia theme for Drupal 6
gnome-blog - GNOME application to post to weblog entries
lekhonee-gnome - desktop client for wordpress blogs
libmarkdown-php - PHP library for rendering Markdown data
qtm - Web-log interface program
tomboy-blogposter - Tomboy add-in for posting notes to a blog
wordpress - weblog manager
wordpress-l10n - weblog manager - language files
wordpress-openid - OpenID plugin for WordPress
wordpress-shibboleth - Shibboleth plugin for WordPress
wordpress-xrds-simple - XRDS-Simple plugin for WordPress
zine - Python powered blog engine

Kini APT-Cache?

Apt-kaṣe jẹ aṣẹ kan ti o kan beere awọn kaṣe APT. A ti kọja paramita wiwa si rẹ, ni sisọ pe, o han ni, a fẹ lati wa APT fun rẹ. Bi a ṣe le rii loke, wiwa fun\"wordpress" da nọmba ti awọn akopọ pada ti o ni ibatan si okun wiwa pẹlu apejuwe kukuru ti package kọọkan.

Lati eyi, a rii package akọkọ ti\"wordpress - weblog manager," ati pe a fẹ lati fi sii. Ṣugbọn kii yoo dara lati rii deede kini awọn igbẹkẹle ti a yoo fi sii pẹlu rẹ? APT le sọ fun wa pe pelu:

$ sudo apt-cache showpkg wordpress
Versions:
3.3.1+dfsg-1 (/var/lib/apt/lists/us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_universe_binary-amd64_Packages)
 Description Language:
                 File: /var/lib/apt/lists/us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_universe_binary-amd64_Packages
                  MD5: 3558d680fa97c6a3f32c5c5e9f4a182a
 Description Language: en
                 File: /var/lib/apt/lists/us-west-2.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_universe_i18n_Translation-en
                  MD5: 3558d680fa97c6a3f32c5c5e9f4a182a

Reverse Depends:
  wordpress-xrds-simple,wordpress
  wordpress-shibboleth,wordpress 2.8
  wordpress-openid,wordpress
  wordpress-l10n,wordpress 2.8.4-2
Dependencies:
3.3.1+dfsg-1 - libjs-cropper (2 1.2.1) libjs-prototype (2 1.7.0) libjs-scriptaculous (2 1.9.0) libphp-phpmailer (2 5.1) libphp-simplepie (2 1.2) libphp-snoopy (2 1.2.4) tinymce (2 3.4.3.2+dfsg0) apache2 (16 (null)) httpd (0 (null)) mysql-client (0 (null)) libapache2-mod-php5 (16 (null)) php5 (0 (null)) php5-mysql (0 (null)) php5-gd (0 (null)) mysql-server (2 5.0.15) wordpress-l10n (0 (null))
Provides:
3.3.1+dfsg-1 -
Reverse Provides:

Eyi fihan wa pe ọrọ igbaniwọle 3.3.1 ni ẹya lati fi sori ẹrọ, ibi ipamọ ti o ni lati fi sori ẹrọ lati, awọn igbẹkẹle yiyipada, ati awọn idii miiran ti o dale, pẹlu awọn nọmba ẹya wọn.

AKIYESI: (asan tumọ si pe ikede ko ṣe alaye, ati pe ẹya tuntun ni ibi ipamọ yoo fi sori ẹrọ.)

Bayi, aṣẹ fifi sori ẹrọ gangan:

$ sudo apt-get install wordpress

Aṣẹ yẹn yoo fi sori ẹrọ ni Wodupiresi-3.3.1 ati gbogbo awọn igbẹkẹle ti a ko fi sii lọwọlọwọ.

Nitoribẹẹ, iyẹn kii ṣe gbogbo ohun ti o le ṣe pẹlu APT. Diẹ ninu awọn ofin miiran ti o wulo ni atẹle:

AKIYESI: O jẹ iṣe ti o dara lati ṣiṣe imudojuiwọn-gba imudojuiwọn ṣaaju ṣiṣe eyikeyi jara ti awọn aṣẹ APT. Ranti, apt-gba imudojuiwọn parses rẹ /etc/apt/sources.list faili ki o ṣe imudojuiwọn ibi ipamọ data rẹ.

Yiyọ package kan rọrun bi fifi sori package naa:

$ sudo apt-get remove wordpress

Laanu, apt-get remove pipaṣẹ fi gbogbo awọn faili iṣeto silẹ mule. Lati yọ awọn naa kuro, iwọ yoo fẹ lati lo apt-get purge:

$ sudo apt-get purge wordpress

Ni gbogbo igba ati lẹhinna, o le ṣiṣe kọja ipo kan nibiti awọn igbẹkẹle ti o fọ. Eyi maa n ṣẹlẹ nigbati o ko ba ṣiṣe apt-gba imudojuiwọn daradara, mangling database. Ni akoko, APT ni atunṣe fun rẹ:

$ sudo apt-get –f install

Niwon APT ṣe igbasilẹ gbogbo awọn faili * .deb lati ibi ipamọ ẹtọ si ẹrọ rẹ (tọju wọn ni/var/kaṣe/apt/pamosi) o le fẹ lati yọ wọn lorekore lati gba aaye disk laaye:

$ sudo apt-get clean

Eyi jẹ ida kekere ti APT, APT-Cache ati diẹ ninu awọn aṣẹ to wulo. Pupọ tun wa lati kọ ẹkọ ati ṣawari diẹ ninu awọn ofin ilọsiwaju diẹ sii ni nkan isalẹ.

  1. 25 Awọn iwulo iwulo ati Ilọsiwaju ti APT-GET ati APT-CACHE

Gẹgẹbi igbagbogbo, jọwọ wo awọn oju-iwe eniyan fun paapaa awọn aṣayan diẹ sii. Ni kete ti eniyan ba ni ibaramu pẹlu APT, o ṣee ṣe lati kọ awọn iwe afọwọkọ Cron oniyi lati jẹ ki eto naa wa titi di oni.