15 Awọn pipaṣẹ "ifconfig" Wulo lati Tunto Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki ni Lainos

ifconfig ni iwulo “iṣeto ni wiwo” kukuru fun iṣakoso eto/nẹtiwọọki ni awọn ọna ṣiṣe Unix/Linux lati tunto, ṣakoso ati beere awọn ipo wiwo nẹtiwọọki nipasẹ wiwo laini aṣẹ tabi ni awọn iwe afọwọkọ iṣeto eto.

A lo aṣẹ “ifconfig” fun iṣafihan alaye iṣeto ni nẹtiwọọki lọwọlọwọ, ṣiṣeto adirẹsi ip kan, netmask tabi adirẹsi igbohunsafefe si wiwo nẹtiwọọki, ṣiṣẹda inagijẹ fun wiwo nẹtiwọọki, ṣiṣeto adirẹsi ohun elo ati mu ṣiṣẹ tabi mu awọn atọkun nẹtiwọọki ṣiṣẹ.

Nkan yii ni wiwa “15 Awọn iwulo“ ifconfig ”Awọn iwulo” pẹlu awọn apẹẹrẹ iṣe wọn, iyẹn le ṣe iranlọwọ pupọ fun ọ ni ṣiṣakoso ati tunto awọn atọkun nẹtiwọọki ni awọn eto Linux.

Imudojuiwọn: Ifconfig pipaṣẹ nẹtiwọọki ti bajẹ ati rọpo nipasẹ aṣẹ ip (Kọ ẹkọ Awọn apẹẹrẹ 10 ti Ofin IP) ni ọpọlọpọ awọn pinpin kaakiri Linux.

1. Wo Gbogbo Eto Nẹtiwọọki

Aṣẹ “ifconfig” laisi awọn ariyanjiyan yoo han gbogbo awọn alaye awọn wiwo inu ti n ṣiṣẹ. Aṣẹ ifconfig tun lo lati ṣayẹwo adirẹsi IP ti a fun olupin kan.

 ifconfig

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0B:CD:1C:18:5A
          inet addr:172.16.25.126  Bcast:172.16.25.63  Mask:255.255.255.224
          inet6 addr: fe80::20b:cdff:fe1c:185a/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2341604 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2217673 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:293460932 (279.8 MiB)  TX bytes:1042006549 (993.7 MiB)
          Interrupt:185 Memory:f7fe0000-f7ff0000

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:5019066 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:5019066 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:2174522634 (2.0 GiB)  TX bytes:2174522634 (2.0 GiB)

tun0      Link encap:UNSPEC  HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00
          inet addr:10.1.1.1  P-t-P:10.1.1.2  Mask:255.255.255.255
          UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

2. Alaye Ifihan ti Gbogbo Awọn atọkun Nẹtiwọọki

Atẹle ifconfig atẹle pẹlu ariyanjiyan - yoo ṣafihan alaye ti gbogbo awọn wiwo inu ẹrọ nṣiṣe lọwọ tabi aiṣiṣẹ lori olupin. O ṣe afihan awọn abajade fun eth0, wo, sit0 ati tun0.

 ifconfig -a

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0B:CD:1C:18:5A
          inet addr:172.16.25.126  Bcast:172.16.25.63  Mask:255.255.255.224
          inet6 addr: fe80::20b:cdff:fe1c:185a/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2344927 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2220777 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:293839516 (280.2 MiB)  TX bytes:1043722206 (995.3 MiB)
          Interrupt:185 Memory:f7fe0000-f7ff0000

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:5022927 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:5022927 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:2175739488 (2.0 GiB)  TX bytes:2175739488 (2.0 GiB)

sit0      Link encap:IPv6-in-IPv4
          NOARP  MTU:1480  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

tun0      Link encap:UNSPEC  HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00
          inet addr:10.1.1.1  P-t-P:10.1.1.2  Mask:255.255.255.255
          UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

3. Wo Awọn Eto Nẹtiwọọki ti Ọlọpọọmísọ Specific

Lilo orukọ wiwo (eth0) bi ariyanjiyan pẹlu aṣẹ “ifconfig” yoo han awọn alaye ti wiwo nẹtiwọọki kan pato.

 ifconfig eth0

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0B:CD:1C:18:5A
          inet addr:172.16.25.126  Bcast:172.16.25.63  Mask:255.255.255.224
          inet6 addr: fe80::20b:cdff:fe1c:185a/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2345583 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2221421 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:293912265 (280.2 MiB)  TX bytes:1044100408 (995.7 MiB)
          Interrupt:185 Memory:f7fe0000-f7ff0000

4. Bii o ṣe le Jeki Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki kan

Flag “oke” tabi “ifup” pẹlu orukọ atọkun (eth0) n mu wiwo nẹtiwọọki ṣiṣẹ, ti ko ba si ni ipo ti nṣiṣe lọwọ ati gbigba laaye lati firanṣẹ ati gba alaye. Fun apẹẹrẹ, “ifconfig eth0 oke” tabi “ifup eth0” yoo mu wiwo eth0 ṣiṣẹ.

 ifconfig eth0 up
OR
 ifup eth0

5. Bii o ṣe le Mu Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki kan ṣiṣẹ

Flag “isalẹ” tabi “ifdown” pẹlu orukọ atọkun (eth0) ma muu iṣẹ wiwo nẹtiwọọki pàtó mu. Fun apeere, “ifconfig eth0 isalẹ” tabi “ifdown eth0” pipaṣẹ ni wiwo eth0, ti o ba wa ni ipo ti nṣiṣe lọwọ.

 ifconfig eth0 down
OR
 ifdown eth0

6. Bii o ṣe le Fi Adiresi IP kan si Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki

Lati fi adirẹsi IP si wiwo kan pato, lo aṣẹ atẹle pẹlu orukọ atọkun (eth0) ati adirẹsi IP ti o fẹ ṣeto. Fun apẹẹrẹ, “ifconfig eth0 172.16.25.125” yoo ṣeto adirẹsi IP si wiwo eth0.

 ifconfig eth0 172.16.25.125

7. Bii o ṣe le Fi Netmask ranṣẹ si Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki

Lilo pipaṣẹ “ifconfig” pẹlu ariyanjiyan “netmask” ati orukọ atọkun bi (eth0) gba ọ laaye lati ṣalaye netmask si wiwo ti a fifun. Fun apẹẹrẹ, “ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.224” yoo ṣeto iboju-boju nẹtiwọki si wiwo wiwo ti a fun ni eth0.

 ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.224

8. Bii o ṣe le Fi igbohunsafefe kan si Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki

Lilo ariyanjiyan "igbohunsafefe" pẹlu orukọ wiwo yoo ṣeto adirẹsi igbohunsafefe fun wiwo ti a fun. Fun apẹẹrẹ, “ifconfig eth0 igbohunsafefe 172.16.25.63” aṣẹ ṣeto adirẹsi igbohunsafefe si wiwo wiwo eth0.

 ifconfig eth0 broadcast 172.16.25.63

9. Bii o ṣe le Fi IP kan, Netmask ati Broadcast si Ibanisọrọ Nẹtiwọọki

Lati fi adirẹsi IP kan han, adirẹsi Netmask ati adirẹsi Broadcast ni ẹẹkan ni lilo pipaṣẹ “ifconfig” pẹlu gbogbo awọn ariyanjiyan bi a ti fun ni isalẹ.

 ifconfig eth0 172.16.25.125 netmask 255.255.255.224 broadcast 172.16.25.63

10. Bii o ṣe le Yi MTU pada fun Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki kan

Ariyanjiyan “mtu” ṣeto ẹya gbigbe ti o pọ julọ si wiwo kan. MTU n gba ọ laaye lati ṣeto iwọn idiwọn ti awọn apo-iwe ti o tan kaakiri lori wiwo. MTU ti o ni anfani lati mu nọmba ti o pọju awọn ẹja mẹtta pọ si wiwo kan ninu idunadura kan ṣoṣo. Fun apẹẹrẹ, “ifconfig eth0 mtu 1000” yoo ṣeto iwọn gbigbe ti o pọ julọ si ṣeto ti a fifun (bii 1000). Kii ṣe gbogbo awọn atọkun nẹtiwọọki ṣe atilẹyin awọn eto MTU.

 ifconfig eth0 mtu 1000

11. Bii o ṣe le Jeki Ipo panṣaga

Kini o ṣẹlẹ ni ipo deede, nigbati apo-iwe ti o gba nipasẹ kaadi nẹtiwọọki kan, o jẹrisi pe apo-iwe jẹ ti ara rẹ. Ti kii ba ṣe bẹ, o ju apo-iwe silẹ deede, ṣugbọn ni ipo panṣaga ni a lo lati gba gbogbo awọn apo-iwe ti nṣàn nipasẹ kaadi nẹtiwọọki.

Pupọ ninu awọn irinṣẹ nẹtiwọọki ti ode oni nlo ipo panṣaga lati mu ati itupalẹ awọn apo-iwe ti nṣàn nipasẹ wiwo nẹtiwọọki. Lati ṣeto ipo panṣaga, lo aṣẹ atẹle.

 ifconfig eth0 promisc

12. Bii o ṣe le Mu Ipo panṣaga Mu

Lati mu ipo panṣaga ṣiṣẹ, lo iyipada “-promisc” ti o fa fifalẹ wiwo nẹtiwọọki ni ipo deede.

 ifconfig eth0 -promisc

13. Bii o ṣe le ṣafikun Alias Tuntun si Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki

IwUlO ifconfig n fun ọ laaye lati tunto awọn atọkun nẹtiwọọki afikun nipa lilo ẹya inagijẹ. Lati ṣafikun wiwo nẹtiwọọki inagijẹ ti eth0, lo aṣẹ atẹle. Jọwọ ṣe akiyesi pe adirẹsi nẹtiwọọki inagijẹ ni iboju-iha-net kanna. Fun apẹẹrẹ, ti adirẹsi IP adiresi eth0 rẹ ba jẹ 172.16.25.125, lẹhinna adirẹsi adiresi inagijẹ gbọdọ jẹ 172.16.25.127.

 ifconfig eth0:0 172.16.25.127

Nigbamii, rii daju adirẹsi adirẹsi nẹtiwọọki inagijẹ tuntun ti a ṣẹda, nipa lilo pipaṣẹ “ifconfig eth0: 0”.

 ifconfig eth0:0

eth0:0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:01:6C:99:14:68
          inet addr:172.16.25.123  Bcast:172.16.25.63  Mask:255.255.255.240
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          Interrupt:17

14. Bii o ṣe le Yọ Aliasi si Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki

Ti o ko ba nilo wiwo nẹtiwọọki inagijẹ tabi ti o tunto ni aṣiṣe, o le yọkuro nipa lilo pipaṣẹ atẹle.

 ifconfig eth0:0 down

15. Bii o ṣe le Yi adirẹsi MAC pada ti Ọlọpọọmídíà Nẹtiwọọki

Lati yi adirẹsi MAC (Iṣakoso Wiwọle Media) ti wiwo nẹtiwọọki eth0 kan, lo aṣẹ atẹle pẹlu ariyanjiyan “hw ether“. Fun apẹẹrẹ, wo isalẹ.

 ifconfig eth0 hw ether AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF

Iwọnyi ni awọn aṣẹ ti o wulo julọ fun tito leto awọn atọkun nẹtiwọọki ni Linux, fun alaye diẹ sii ati lilo pipaṣẹ ifconfig lo awọn iwe afọwọkọ bi “man ifconfig” ni ebute. Ṣayẹwo diẹ ninu awọn ohun elo nẹtiwọọki miiran ni isalẹ.

  1. Tcmpdump - jẹ gbigba soso laini aṣẹ ati ọpa itupalẹ fun mimojuto ijabọ nẹtiwọọki.
  2. Netstat - jẹ ohun elo ila laini nẹtiwọọki laini aṣẹ pipaṣẹ ti o ṣiṣi silẹ ti o ṣetọju ijabọ awọn apo-iwe n wọle ati ti njade.
  3. Wireshark - jẹ oluṣayẹwo ilana ilana nẹtiwọọki orisun ṣiṣi ti a lo lati ṣe wahala awọn ọran ti nẹtiwọọki wa.
  4. Munin - jẹ nẹtiwọọki orisun wẹẹbu ati ohun elo ibojuwo eto ti a lo lati ṣe afihan awọn abajade ninu awọn aworan nipa lilo rrdtool.
  5. Cacti - jẹ ibojuwo oju-iwe ayelujara ti o pari ati ohun elo graphing fun ibojuwo nẹtiwọọki.

Lati gba alaye diẹ sii ati awọn aṣayan fun eyikeyi awọn irinṣẹ ti o wa loke, wo awọn iwe afọwọkọ nipa titẹ “orukọ irinṣẹ irinṣẹ eniyan” ni aṣẹ aṣẹ. Fun apẹẹrẹ, lati gba alaye fun ọpa “netstat”, lo aṣẹ bi “eniyan netstat“.