30 Awọn iwulo Linux to wulo fun Awọn alabojuto Eto
Ninu àpilẹkọ yii a yoo ṣe atunyẹwo diẹ ninu iwulo ati lilo Linux nigbagbogbo tabi Awọn aṣẹ Unix fun Awọn alabojuto Eto Lainos ti a lo ninu igbesi aye wọn lojoojumọ. Eyi kii ṣe pipe ṣugbọn o jẹ akojọpọ iwapọ ti awọn ofin lati tọka nigbati o nilo. Jẹ ki a bẹrẹ ni ọkọọkan bi a ṣe le lo awọn ofin wọnyẹn pẹlu awọn apẹẹrẹ.
1. Uptime Command
Ninu aṣẹ igbesoke akoko Linux fihan lati igba ti eto rẹ nṣiṣẹ ati nọmba awọn olumulo ti wa ni ibuwolu wọle lọwọlọwọ ati tun ṣe afihan iwọn fifuye fun awọn aaye arin iṣẹju 1,5 ati 15.
# uptime 08:16:26 up 22 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.03, 0.22
Aṣẹ Uptime ko ni awọn aṣayan miiran yatọ si akoko asiko ati ẹya. O fun alaye ni awọn wakati nikan: awọn iṣẹju ti o ba kere ju ọjọ 1 lọ.
[[email ~]$ uptime -V procps version 3.2.8
2. W Commandfin
Yoo ṣe afihan awọn olumulo ti o wọle lọwọlọwọ ati ilana wọn pẹlu-pẹlu awọn iwọn fifuye awọn ifihan. tun fihan orukọ iwọle, orukọ tty, gbalejo latọna jijin, akoko iwọle, akoko ainipẹ, JCPU, PCPU, aṣẹ ati awọn ilana.
# w 08:27:44 up 34 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.08 USER TTY FROM [email IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT tecmint pts/0 192.168.50.1 07:59 0.00s 0.29s 0.09s w
- -h: ko ṣe afihan awọn titẹ sii akọsori.
- -s: laisi JCPU ati PCPU.
- -f: Yọ kuro ni aaye.
- -V: (lẹta ti oke) - Awọn ẹya Awọn ifihan.
3. Awọn olumulo Commandfin
Awọn ifihan aṣẹ aṣẹ awọn olumulo ti o wọle lọwọlọwọ awọn olumulo lọwọlọwọ. Aṣẹ yii ko ni awọn aye miiran ju iranlọwọ ati ẹya lọ.
# users tecmint
4. Tani O Pase
ẹniti o paṣẹ ni irọrun pada orukọ olumulo, ọjọ, akoko ati alaye alejo. ẹniti o paṣẹ jẹ iru si aṣẹ w. Ko dabi aṣẹ w ẹniti ko tẹ ohun ti awọn olumulo n ṣe. Jẹ ki o ṣe apejuwe ki o wo iyatọ laarin tani ati w awọn pipaṣẹ.
# who tecmint pts/0 2012-09-18 07:59 (192.168.50.1)
# w 08:43:58 up 50 min, 1 user, load average: 0.64, 0.18, 0.06 USER TTY FROM [email IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT tecmint pts/0 192.168.50.1 07:59 0.00s 0.43s 0.10s w
- -b: Han ọjọ ati akoko atunbere eto to kẹhin.
- -r: Fihan ṣiṣan lọwọlọwọ.
- -a, –gbogbo: Han gbogbo alaye ni akopọ.
5. Igbimọ Whoami
pipaṣẹ whoami tẹ orukọ olumulo lọwọlọwọ. O tun le lo aṣẹ “tani emi” lati ṣe afihan olumulo lọwọlọwọ. Ti o ba wọle bi gbongbo nipa lilo pipaṣẹ sudo “whoami” pipaṣẹ pada root bi olumulo lọwọlọwọ. Lo pipaṣẹ “tani emi” ti o ba fẹ mọ olumulo ti o wọle gangan.
# whoami tecmint
6. ls Commandfin
ls aṣẹ ifihan akojọ awọn faili ni kika kika eniyan.
# ls -l total 114 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 18 08:46 bin dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 1024 Sep 8 15:49 boot
Too faili bi fun akoko iyipada to kẹhin.
# ls -ltr total 40 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6546 Sep 17 18:42 install.log.syslog -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 22435 Sep 17 18:45 install.log -rw-------. 1 root root 1003 Sep 17 18:45 anaconda-ks.cfg
Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ diẹ sii ti aṣẹ ls, jọwọ ṣayẹwo nkan wa lori 15 Apeere ‘ls’ Apeere Aṣẹ ni Linux.
7. Crontab Commandfin
Ṣe atokọ awọn iṣẹ iṣeto iṣeto fun olumulo lọwọlọwọ pẹlu aṣẹ crontab ati aṣayan -l.
# crontab -l 00 10 * * * /bin/ls >/ls.txt
Satunkọ crontab rẹ pẹlu -e aṣayan. Ninu apẹẹrẹ isalẹ yoo ṣii awọn iṣẹ iṣeto ni olootu VI. Ṣe awọn ayipada ti o yẹ ki o dawọ titẹ: awọn bọtini wq eyiti o fi eto pamọ laifọwọyi.
# crontab -e
Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ diẹ sii ti Linux Cron Command, jọwọ ka nkan iṣaaju wa lori 11 Awọn apẹẹrẹ Iṣẹ-ṣiṣe Ṣiṣeto Cron ni Linux.
8. Kere pipaṣẹ
aṣẹ ti o kere ju gba laaye yara wo faili. O le oju-iwe si oke ati isalẹ. Tẹ 'q' lati dawọ kuro ni ferese to kere.
# less install.log Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686 Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch
9. Diẹ Commandfin
aṣẹ diẹ sii ngbanilaaye wo faili ati fihan awọn alaye ni ipin ogorun. O le oju-iwe si oke ati isalẹ. Tẹ 'q' lati olodun-jade lati window diẹ sii.
# more install.log Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686 Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch --More--(10%)
10. Commandfin CP
Daakọ faili lati orisun si ibi-itọju to tọju ipo kanna.
# cp -p fileA fileB
O yoo ti ṣetan ṣaaju ki o to tunkọ lati faili.
# cp -i fileA fileB
11. MV .fin
Fun lorukọ mii failiA si failiB. -i awọn aṣayan tọ ṣaaju ki o to tun-kọ. Beere fun idaniloju ti o ba wa tẹlẹ.
# mv -i fileA fileB
12. Cat .fin
aṣẹ ologbo ti a lo lati wo faili pupọ ni akoko kanna.
# cat fileA fileB
O ṣopọ aṣẹ diẹ ati kere si pẹlu aṣẹ o nran lati wo faili ti o ni ti iyẹn ko baamu ni iboju kan/oju-iwe kan.
# cat install.log | less # cat install.log | more
Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ diẹ sii ti aṣẹ o nran Linux ka iwe wa lori 13 Awọn Aṣẹ Ipilẹ Cat Cat in Linux.
13. Cd pipaṣẹ (itọsọna ayipada)
pẹlu aṣẹ cd (ayipada itọsọna) yoo lọ si failiA itọsọna kan.
# cd /fileA
14. aṣẹ pwd (itọsọna titẹ sita)
pwd aṣẹ pada pẹlu itọsọna iṣẹ lọwọlọwọ.
# pwd /root
15. Too pipaṣẹ
Awọn ila lẹsẹsẹ ti awọn faili ọrọ ni aṣẹ ti n gòke. pẹlu -r awọn aṣayan yoo to lẹsẹsẹ ni sọkalẹ ọkọọkan.
#sort fileA.txt #sort -r fileA.txt
16. VI Commandfin
Vi jẹ olootu ọrọ ti o gbajumọ julọ ti o wa julọ ti OSI bi UNIX. Ni isalẹ awọn apẹẹrẹ ṣii faili ni kika nikan pẹlu aṣayan -R. Tẹ ': q' lati dawọ kuro ni window window.
# vi -R /etc/shadows
17. Aṣẹ SSH (Ikarahun ti o ni aabo)
A lo aṣẹ SSH lati buwolu wọle si alejo latọna jijin. Fun apẹẹrẹ aṣẹ ssh isalẹ yoo sopọ si olugbala jijin (192.168.50.2) ni lilo olumulo bi narad.
# ssh [email
Lati ṣayẹwo ẹya ssh lilo aṣayan -V (oke nla) fihan ẹya ti ssh.
# ssh -V OpenSSH_5.3p1, OpenSSL 1.0.0-fips 29 Mar 2010
18. Ftp tabi sftp Commandfin
ftp tabi pipaṣẹ sftp ni a lo lati sopọ si alejo gbigba ftp latọna jijin. ftp jẹ (ilana gbigbe faili) ati sftp jẹ (ilana gbigbe faili ni aabo). Fun apẹẹrẹ awọn aṣẹ isalẹ yoo sopọ si alejo gbigba ftp (192.168.50.2).
# ftp 192.168.50.2 # sftp 192.168.50.2
Fifi awọn faili lọpọlọpọ si ile-ogun latọna jijin pẹlu mput bakanna a le ṣe mget lati ṣe igbasilẹ awọn faili pupọ lati ọdọ olupin latọna jijin.
# ftp > mput *.txt # ftp > mget *.txt
19. Commandfin Iṣẹ
Iwe afọwọkọ ipe pipaṣẹ iṣẹ ti o wa ni itọsọna /etc/init.d/ ki o ṣiṣẹ iwe afọwọkọ naa. Awọn ọna meji lo wa lati bẹrẹ eyikeyi iṣẹ. Fun apẹẹrẹ a bẹrẹ iṣẹ ti a pe ni httpd pẹlu aṣẹ iṣẹ.
# service httpd start OR # /etc/init.d/httpd start
20. pipaṣẹ ọfẹ
Aṣẹ ọfẹ fihan ọfẹ, lapapọ ati alaye iranti swap ninu awọn baiti.
# free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1030800 735944 294856 0 51648 547696 -/+ buffers/cache: 136600 894200 Swap: 2064376 0 2064376
Awọn aṣayan ọfẹ pẹlu -t fihan iranti apapọ ti a lo ati pe o wa lati lo ninu awọn baiti.
# free -t total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1030800 736096 294704 0 51720 547704 -/+ buffers/cache: 136672 894128 Swap: 2064376 0 2064376 Total: 3095176 736096 2359080
21. Top .fin
aṣẹ oke ṣe afihan iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti eto rẹ ati tun ṣe afihan awọn iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti ekuro ṣakoso ni akoko gidi. Yoo fihan isise ati iranti ti wa ni lilo. Lo pipaṣẹ oke pẹlu aṣayan ‘u‘ eyi yoo han awọn alaye ilana Olumulo kan pato bi o ṣe han ni isalẹ. Tẹ ‘O’ (lẹta nla) lati ṣeto bi o ṣe fẹ fun ọ. Tẹ 'q' lati dawọ lati iboju oke.
# top -u tecmint top - 11:13:11 up 3:19, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 Tasks: 116 total, 1 running, 115 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.0%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.7%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st Mem: 1030800k total, 736188k used, 294612k free, 51760k buffers Swap: 2064376k total, 0k used, 2064376k free, 547704k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1889 tecmint 20 0 11468 1648 920 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.59 sshd 1890 tecmint 20 0 5124 1668 1416 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.44 bash 6698 tecmint 20 0 11600 1668 924 S 0.0 0.2 0:01.19 sshd 6699 tecmint 20 0 5124 1596 1352 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.11 bash
Fun diẹ sii nipa aṣẹ oke a ti ṣajọ akojọ kan ti 12 TOP Command Examples in Linux.
22. Tar Tarfin
A lo pipaṣẹ oda lati pọn awọn faili ati folda ninu Linux. Fun apẹẹrẹ aṣẹ ti o wa ni isalẹ yoo ṣẹda iwe-ipamọ fun/itọsọna ile pẹlu orukọ faili bi iwe-akọọlẹ-name.tar.
# tar -cvf archive-name.tar /home
Lati jade faili faili pamosi lo aṣayan bi atẹle.
# tar -xvf archive-name.tar
Lati ni oye diẹ sii nipa aṣẹ oda a ti ṣẹda pipe-bawo ni o ṣe le ṣe itọsọna lori aṣẹ oda ni Awọn apẹẹrẹ Aṣẹ Tọọ 18 ni Linux.
23. Grep Commandfin
wiwa grep fun okun ti a fun ni faili kan. Nikan ifihan olumulo tecmint lati/ati be be lo/faili passwd. a le lo -i aṣayan fun aifọwọyi ọran.
# grep tecmint /etc/passwd tecmint:x:500:500::/home/tecmint:/bin/bash
24. Wa Commandfin
Wa aṣẹ ti a lo lati wa awọn faili, awọn okun ati awọn ilana ilana. Apẹẹrẹ isalẹ ti wiwa ọrọ tecmint wiwa aṣẹ ninu ‘’ ipin ki o pada dajade.
# find / -name tecmint /var/spool/mail/tecmint /home/tecmint /root/home/tecmint
Fun itọsọna pipe lori Lainos wa awọn apẹẹrẹ aṣẹ ni ifojusi ni Awọn Aṣeṣe Iṣeṣe ti Linux Wa Command.
25. lsof .fin
lsof tumọ si Akojọ ti gbogbo awọn faili ṣiṣi. Ni isalẹ lsof atokọ aṣẹ ti gbogbo awọn faili ṣiṣi nipasẹ olumulo tecmint.
# lsof -u tecmint COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME sshd 1889 tecmint cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / sshd 1889 tecmint txt REG 253,0 532336 298069 /usr/sbin/sshd sshd 1889 tecmint DEL REG 253,0 412940 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1 sshd 1889 tecmint DEL REG 253,0 393156 /lib/ld-2.12.so sshd 1889 tecmint DEL REG 253,0 298643 /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.1.0.0 sshd 1889 tecmint DEL REG 253,0 393173 /lib/libnsl-2.12.so sshd 1889 tecmint DEL REG 253,0 412937 /lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1 sshd 1889 tecmint DEL REG 253,0 412961 /lib/libplc4.so
Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ pipaṣẹ lsof diẹ sii ṣabẹwo si 10 Awọn apẹẹrẹ Aṣẹ lsof ni Lainos.
26. aṣẹ kẹhin
Pẹlu aṣẹ ti o kẹhin a le wo iṣiṣẹ olumulo ninu eto naa. Aṣẹ yii le ṣe olumulo deede tun. Yoo ṣe afihan alaye ti olumulo pipe bi ebute, akoko, ọjọ, atunbere eto tabi bata ati ẹya ekuro. Wulo iwulo lati ṣatunṣe aṣiṣe.
# last tecmint pts/1 192.168.50.1 Tue Sep 18 08:50 still logged in tecmint pts/0 192.168.50.1 Tue Sep 18 07:59 still logged in reboot system boot 2.6.32-279.el6.i Tue Sep 18 07:54 - 11:38 (03:43) root pts/1 192.168.50.1 Sun Sep 16 10:40 - down (03:53) root pts/0 :0.0 Sun Sep 16 10:36 - 13:09 (02:32) root tty1 :0 Sun Sep 16 10:07 - down (04:26) reboot system boot 2.6.32-279.el6.i Sun Sep 16 09:57 - 14:33 (04:35) narad pts/2 192.168.50.1 Thu Sep 13 08:07 - down (01:15)
O le lo kẹhin pẹlu orukọ olumulo lati mọ fun iṣẹ ṣiṣe olumulo kan pato bi o ṣe han ni isalẹ.
# last tecmint tecmint pts/1 192.168.50.1 Tue Sep 18 08:50 still logged in tecmint pts/0 192.168.50.1 Tue Sep 18 07:59 still logged in tecmint pts/1 192.168.50.1 Thu Sep 13 08:07 - down (01:15) tecmint pts/4 192.168.50.1 Wed Sep 12 10:12 - 12:29 (02:17)
27. ps pipaṣẹ
Awọn ifihan aṣẹ ps nipa awọn ilana ṣiṣe ni eto. Ni isalẹ apẹẹrẹ fihan ilana init nikan.
# ps -ef | grep init root 1 0 0 07:53 ? 00:00:04 /sbin/init root 7508 6825 0 11:48 pts/1 00:00:00 grep init
28. pa pipaṣẹ
Lo pipaṣẹ pipa lati fopin si ilana. Akọkọ wa id ilana pẹlu aṣẹ ps bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ ki o pa ilana pẹlu pipa -9 pipaṣẹ.
# ps -ef | grep init root 1 0 0 07:53 ? 00:00:04 /sbin/init root 7508 6825 0 11:48 pts/1 00:00:00 grep init # kill- 9 7508
29. rm pipaṣẹ
rm aṣẹ ti a lo lati yọkuro tabi paarẹ faili kan laisi iyara fun idaniloju.
# rm filename
Lilo -i aṣayan lati gba ìmúdájú ṣaaju yiyọ rẹ. Lilo awọn aṣayan '-r' ati '-f' yoo yọ faili kuro ni agbara laisi idaniloju.
# rm -i test.txt rm: remove regular file `test.txt'?
30. apẹẹrẹ aṣẹ mkdir.
Ti lo aṣẹ mkdir lati ṣẹda awọn ilana labẹ Linux.
# mkdir directoryname
Eyi jẹ ọjọ ti o ni ọwọ si awọn ofin ipilẹ ti o le lo ni Linux/Unix-like operating system. Fi ọwọ kan pin nipasẹ apoti asọye wa ti a ba padanu.