30 Awọn iwulo Linux to wulo fun Awọn alabojuto Eto


Ninu àpilẹkọ yii a yoo ṣe atunyẹwo diẹ ninu iwulo ati lilo Linux nigbagbogbo tabi Awọn aṣẹ Unix fun Awọn alabojuto Eto Lainos ti a lo ninu igbesi aye wọn lojoojumọ. Eyi kii ṣe pipe ṣugbọn o jẹ akojọpọ iwapọ ti awọn ofin lati tọka nigbati o nilo. Jẹ ki a bẹrẹ ni ọkọọkan bi a ṣe le lo awọn ofin wọnyẹn pẹlu awọn apẹẹrẹ.

1. Uptime Command

Ninu aṣẹ igbesoke akoko Linux fihan lati igba ti eto rẹ nṣiṣẹ ati nọmba awọn olumulo ti wa ni ibuwolu wọle lọwọlọwọ ati tun ṣe afihan iwọn fifuye fun awọn aaye arin iṣẹju 1,5 ati 15.

# uptime

08:16:26 up 22 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.03, 0.22

Aṣẹ Uptime ko ni awọn aṣayan miiran yatọ si akoko asiko ati ẹya. O fun alaye ni awọn wakati nikan: awọn iṣẹju ti o ba kere ju ọjọ 1 lọ.

[[email  ~]$ uptime -V
procps version 3.2.8

2. W Commandfin

Yoo ṣe afihan awọn olumulo ti o wọle lọwọlọwọ ati ilana wọn pẹlu-pẹlu awọn iwọn fifuye awọn ifihan. tun fihan orukọ iwọle, orukọ tty, gbalejo latọna jijin, akoko iwọle, akoko ainipẹ, JCPU, PCPU, aṣẹ ati awọn ilana.

# w

08:27:44 up 34 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.08
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
tecmint  pts/0    192.168.50.1     07:59    0.00s  0.29s  0.09s w

  1. -h: ko ṣe afihan awọn titẹ sii akọsori.
  2. -s: laisi JCPU ati PCPU.
  3. -f: Yọ kuro ni aaye.
  4. -V: (lẹta ti oke) - Awọn ẹya Awọn ifihan.

3. Awọn olumulo Commandfin

Awọn ifihan aṣẹ aṣẹ awọn olumulo ti o wọle lọwọlọwọ awọn olumulo lọwọlọwọ. Aṣẹ yii ko ni awọn aye miiran ju iranlọwọ ati ẹya lọ.

# users

tecmint

4. Tani O Pase

ẹniti o paṣẹ ni irọrun pada orukọ olumulo, ọjọ, akoko ati alaye alejo. ẹniti o paṣẹ jẹ iru si aṣẹ w. Ko dabi aṣẹ w ẹniti ko tẹ ohun ti awọn olumulo n ṣe. Jẹ ki o ṣe apejuwe ki o wo iyatọ laarin tani ati w awọn pipaṣẹ.

# who

tecmint  pts/0        2012-09-18 07:59 (192.168.50.1)
# w

08:43:58 up 50 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.64, 0.18, 0.06
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
tecmint  pts/0    192.168.50.1     07:59    0.00s  0.43s  0.10s w

  1. -b: Han ọjọ ati akoko atunbere eto to kẹhin.
  2. -r: Fihan ṣiṣan lọwọlọwọ.
  3. -a, –gbogbo: Han gbogbo alaye ni akopọ.

5. Igbimọ Whoami

pipaṣẹ whoami tẹ orukọ olumulo lọwọlọwọ. O tun le lo aṣẹ “tani emi” lati ṣe afihan olumulo lọwọlọwọ. Ti o ba wọle bi gbongbo nipa lilo pipaṣẹ sudo “whoami” pipaṣẹ pada root bi olumulo lọwọlọwọ. Lo pipaṣẹ “tani emi” ti o ba fẹ mọ olumulo ti o wọle gangan.

# whoami

tecmint

6. ls Commandfin

ls aṣẹ ifihan akojọ awọn faili ni kika kika eniyan.

# ls -l

total 114
dr-xr-xr-x.   2 root root  4096 Sep 18 08:46 bin
dr-xr-xr-x.   5 root root  1024 Sep  8 15:49 boot

Too faili bi fun akoko iyipada to kẹhin.

# ls -ltr

total 40
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  6546 Sep 17 18:42 install.log.syslog
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 22435 Sep 17 18:45 install.log
-rw-------. 1 root root  1003 Sep 17 18:45 anaconda-ks.cfg

Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ diẹ sii ti aṣẹ ls, jọwọ ṣayẹwo nkan wa lori 15 Apeere ‘ls’ Apeere Aṣẹ ni Linux.

7. Crontab Commandfin

Ṣe atokọ awọn iṣẹ iṣeto iṣeto fun olumulo lọwọlọwọ pẹlu aṣẹ crontab ati aṣayan -l.

# crontab -l

00 10 * * * /bin/ls >/ls.txt

Satunkọ crontab rẹ pẹlu -e aṣayan. Ninu apẹẹrẹ isalẹ yoo ṣii awọn iṣẹ iṣeto ni olootu VI. Ṣe awọn ayipada ti o yẹ ki o dawọ titẹ: awọn bọtini wq eyiti o fi eto pamọ laifọwọyi.

# crontab -e

Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ diẹ sii ti Linux Cron Command, jọwọ ka nkan iṣaaju wa lori 11 Awọn apẹẹrẹ Iṣẹ-ṣiṣe Ṣiṣeto Cron ni Linux.

8. Kere pipaṣẹ

aṣẹ ti o kere ju gba laaye yara wo faili. O le oju-iwe si oke ati isalẹ. Tẹ 'q' lati dawọ kuro ni ferese to kere.

# less install.log

Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch
warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686
Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch
Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch
Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch
Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch

9. Diẹ Commandfin

aṣẹ diẹ sii ngbanilaaye wo faili ati fihan awọn alaye ni ipin ogorun. O le oju-iwe si oke ati isalẹ. Tẹ 'q' lati olodun-jade lati window diẹ sii.

# more install.log

Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch
warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686
Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch
Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch
Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch
Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch
--More--(10%)

10. Commandfin CP

Daakọ faili lati orisun si ibi-itọju to tọju ipo kanna.

# cp -p fileA fileB

O yoo ti ṣetan ṣaaju ki o to tunkọ lati faili.

# cp -i fileA fileB

11. MV .fin

Fun lorukọ mii failiA si failiB. -i awọn aṣayan tọ ṣaaju ki o to tun-kọ. Beere fun idaniloju ti o ba wa tẹlẹ.

# mv -i fileA fileB

12. Cat .fin

aṣẹ ologbo ti a lo lati wo faili pupọ ni akoko kanna.

# cat fileA fileB

O ṣopọ aṣẹ diẹ ati kere si pẹlu aṣẹ o nran lati wo faili ti o ni ti iyẹn ko baamu ni iboju kan/oju-iwe kan.

# cat install.log | less

# cat install.log | more

Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ diẹ sii ti aṣẹ o nran Linux ka iwe wa lori 13 Awọn Aṣẹ Ipilẹ Cat Cat in Linux.

13. Cd pipaṣẹ (itọsọna ayipada)

pẹlu aṣẹ cd (ayipada itọsọna) yoo lọ si failiA itọsọna kan.

# cd /fileA

14. aṣẹ pwd (itọsọna titẹ sita)

pwd aṣẹ pada pẹlu itọsọna iṣẹ lọwọlọwọ.

# pwd

/root

15. Too pipaṣẹ

Awọn ila lẹsẹsẹ ti awọn faili ọrọ ni aṣẹ ti n gòke. pẹlu -r awọn aṣayan yoo to lẹsẹsẹ ni sọkalẹ ọkọọkan.

#sort fileA.txt

#sort -r fileA.txt

16. VI Commandfin

Vi jẹ olootu ọrọ ti o gbajumọ julọ ti o wa julọ ti OSI bi UNIX. Ni isalẹ awọn apẹẹrẹ ṣii faili ni kika nikan pẹlu aṣayan -R. Tẹ ': q' lati dawọ kuro ni window window.

# vi -R /etc/shadows

17. Aṣẹ SSH (Ikarahun ti o ni aabo)

A lo aṣẹ SSH lati buwolu wọle si alejo latọna jijin. Fun apẹẹrẹ aṣẹ ssh isalẹ yoo sopọ si olugbala jijin (192.168.50.2) ni lilo olumulo bi narad.

# ssh [email 

Lati ṣayẹwo ẹya ssh lilo aṣayan -V (oke nla) fihan ẹya ti ssh.

# ssh -V

OpenSSH_5.3p1, OpenSSL 1.0.0-fips 29 Mar 2010

18. Ftp tabi sftp Commandfin

ftp tabi pipaṣẹ sftp ni a lo lati sopọ si alejo gbigba ftp latọna jijin. ftp jẹ (ilana gbigbe faili) ati sftp jẹ (ilana gbigbe faili ni aabo). Fun apẹẹrẹ awọn aṣẹ isalẹ yoo sopọ si alejo gbigba ftp (192.168.50.2).

# ftp 192.168.50.2

# sftp 192.168.50.2

Fifi awọn faili lọpọlọpọ si ile-ogun latọna jijin pẹlu mput bakanna a le ṣe mget lati ṣe igbasilẹ awọn faili pupọ lati ọdọ olupin latọna jijin.

# ftp > mput *.txt

# ftp > mget *.txt

19. Commandfin Iṣẹ

Iwe afọwọkọ ipe pipaṣẹ iṣẹ ti o wa ni itọsọna /etc/init.d/ ki o ṣiṣẹ iwe afọwọkọ naa. Awọn ọna meji lo wa lati bẹrẹ eyikeyi iṣẹ. Fun apẹẹrẹ a bẹrẹ iṣẹ ti a pe ni httpd pẹlu aṣẹ iṣẹ.

# service httpd start
OR
# /etc/init.d/httpd start

20. pipaṣẹ ọfẹ

Aṣẹ ọfẹ fihan ọfẹ, lapapọ ati alaye iranti swap ninu awọn baiti.

# free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       1030800     735944     294856          0      51648     547696
-/+ buffers/cache:     136600     894200
Swap:      2064376          0    2064376

Awọn aṣayan ọfẹ pẹlu -t fihan iranti apapọ ti a lo ati pe o wa lati lo ninu awọn baiti.

# free -t
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       1030800     736096     294704          0      51720     547704
-/+ buffers/cache:     136672     894128
Swap:      2064376          0    2064376
Total:     3095176     736096    2359080

21. Top .fin

aṣẹ oke ṣe afihan iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti eto rẹ ati tun ṣe afihan awọn iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti ekuro ṣakoso ni akoko gidi. Yoo fihan isise ati iranti ti wa ni lilo. Lo pipaṣẹ oke pẹlu aṣayan ‘u‘ eyi yoo han awọn alaye ilana Olumulo kan pato bi o ṣe han ni isalẹ. Tẹ ‘O’ (lẹta nla) lati ṣeto bi o ṣe fẹ fun ọ. Tẹ 'q' lati dawọ lati iboju oke.

# top -u tecmint

top - 11:13:11 up  3:19,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
Tasks: 116 total,   1 running, 115 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
Cpu(s):  0.0%us,  0.3%sy,  0.0%ni, 99.7%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st
Mem:   1030800k total,   736188k used,   294612k free,    51760k buffers
Swap:  2064376k total,        0k used,  2064376k free,   547704k cached

PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND
1889 tecmint   20   0 11468 1648  920 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.59 sshd
1890 tecmint   20   0  5124 1668 1416 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.44 bash
6698 tecmint   20   0 11600 1668  924 S  0.0  0.2   0:01.19 sshd
6699 tecmint   20   0  5124 1596 1352 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.11 bash

Fun diẹ sii nipa aṣẹ oke a ti ṣajọ akojọ kan ti 12 TOP Command Examples in Linux.

22. Tar Tarfin

A lo pipaṣẹ oda lati pọn awọn faili ati folda ninu Linux. Fun apẹẹrẹ aṣẹ ti o wa ni isalẹ yoo ṣẹda iwe-ipamọ fun/itọsọna ile pẹlu orukọ faili bi iwe-akọọlẹ-name.tar.

# tar -cvf archive-name.tar /home

Lati jade faili faili pamosi lo aṣayan bi atẹle.

# tar -xvf archive-name.tar

Lati ni oye diẹ sii nipa aṣẹ oda a ti ṣẹda pipe-bawo ni o ṣe le ṣe itọsọna lori aṣẹ oda ni Awọn apẹẹrẹ Aṣẹ Tọọ 18 ni Linux.

23. Grep Commandfin

wiwa grep fun okun ti a fun ni faili kan. Nikan ifihan olumulo tecmint lati/ati be be lo/faili passwd. a le lo -i aṣayan fun aifọwọyi ọran.

# grep tecmint /etc/passwd

tecmint:x:500:500::/home/tecmint:/bin/bash

24. Wa Commandfin

Wa aṣẹ ti a lo lati wa awọn faili, awọn okun ati awọn ilana ilana. Apẹẹrẹ isalẹ ti wiwa ọrọ tecmint wiwa aṣẹ ninu ‘’ ipin ki o pada dajade.

# find / -name tecmint

/var/spool/mail/tecmint
/home/tecmint
/root/home/tecmint

Fun itọsọna pipe lori Lainos wa awọn apẹẹrẹ aṣẹ ni ifojusi ni Awọn Aṣeṣe Iṣeṣe ti Linux Wa Command.

25. lsof .fin

lsof tumọ si Akojọ ti gbogbo awọn faili ṣiṣi. Ni isalẹ lsof atokọ aṣẹ ti gbogbo awọn faili ṣiṣi nipasẹ olumulo tecmint.

# lsof -u tecmint

COMMAND  PID    USER   FD   TYPE     DEVICE SIZE/OFF   NODE NAME
sshd    1889 tecmint  cwd    DIR      253,0     4096      2 /
sshd    1889 tecmint  txt    REG      253,0   532336 298069 /usr/sbin/sshd
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412940 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          393156 /lib/ld-2.12.so
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          298643 /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.1.0.0
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          393173 /lib/libnsl-2.12.so
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412937 /lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412961 /lib/libplc4.so

Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ pipaṣẹ lsof diẹ sii ṣabẹwo si 10 Awọn apẹẹrẹ Aṣẹ lsof ni Lainos.

26. aṣẹ kẹhin

Pẹlu aṣẹ ti o kẹhin a le wo iṣiṣẹ olumulo ninu eto naa. Aṣẹ yii le ṣe olumulo deede tun. Yoo ṣe afihan alaye ti olumulo pipe bi ebute, akoko, ọjọ, atunbere eto tabi bata ati ẹya ekuro. Wulo iwulo lati ṣatunṣe aṣiṣe.

# last

tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 08:50   still logged in
tecmint  pts/0        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 07:59   still logged in
reboot   system boot  2.6.32-279.el6.i Tue Sep 18 07:54 - 11:38  (03:43)
root     pts/1        192.168.50.1     Sun Sep 16 10:40 - down   (03:53)
root     pts/0        :0.0             Sun Sep 16 10:36 - 13:09  (02:32)
root     tty1         :0               Sun Sep 16 10:07 - down   (04:26)
reboot   system boot  2.6.32-279.el6.i Sun Sep 16 09:57 - 14:33  (04:35)
narad    pts/2        192.168.50.1     Thu Sep 13 08:07 - down   (01:15)

O le lo kẹhin pẹlu orukọ olumulo lati mọ fun iṣẹ ṣiṣe olumulo kan pato bi o ṣe han ni isalẹ.

# last tecmint

tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 08:50   still logged in
tecmint  pts/0        192.168.50.1     Tue Sep 18 07:59   still logged in
tecmint  pts/1        192.168.50.1     Thu Sep 13 08:07 - down   (01:15)
tecmint  pts/4        192.168.50.1     Wed Sep 12 10:12 - 12:29  (02:17)

27. ps pipaṣẹ

Awọn ifihan aṣẹ ps nipa awọn ilana ṣiṣe ni eto. Ni isalẹ apẹẹrẹ fihan ilana init nikan.

# ps -ef | grep init

root         1     0  0 07:53 ?        00:00:04 /sbin/init
root      7508  6825  0 11:48 pts/1    00:00:00 grep init

28. pa pipaṣẹ

Lo pipaṣẹ pipa lati fopin si ilana. Akọkọ wa id ilana pẹlu aṣẹ ps bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ ki o pa ilana pẹlu pipa -9 pipaṣẹ.

# ps -ef | grep init
root         1     0  0 07:53 ?        00:00:04 /sbin/init
root      7508  6825  0 11:48 pts/1    00:00:00 grep init

# kill- 9 7508

29. rm pipaṣẹ

rm aṣẹ ti a lo lati yọkuro tabi paarẹ faili kan laisi iyara fun idaniloju.

# rm filename

Lilo -i aṣayan lati gba ìmúdájú ṣaaju yiyọ rẹ. Lilo awọn aṣayan '-r' ati '-f' yoo yọ faili kuro ni agbara laisi idaniloju.

# rm -i test.txt

rm: remove regular file `test.txt'?

30. apẹẹrẹ aṣẹ mkdir.

Ti lo aṣẹ mkdir lati ṣẹda awọn ilana labẹ Linux.

# mkdir directoryname

Eyi jẹ ọjọ ti o ni ọwọ si awọn ofin ipilẹ ti o le lo ni Linux/Unix-like operating system. Fi ọwọ kan pin nipasẹ apoti asọye wa ti a ba padanu.