13 Iṣeto Nẹtiwọọki Linux ati Awọn pipaṣẹ Laasigbotitusita
Awọn kọnputa ti sopọ ni nẹtiwọọki lati ṣe paṣipaarọ alaye tabi awọn orisun ara wọn. Kọmputa meji tabi diẹ sii ti a sopọ nipasẹ media nẹtiwọọki ti a pe nẹtiwọọki kọnputa. Nọmba awọn ẹrọ nẹtiwọọki wa tabi media ti kopa lati ṣe nẹtiwọọki kọnputa. Kọmputa ti o rù pẹlu Ẹrọ Ṣiṣẹ Linux tun le jẹ apakan ti nẹtiwọọki boya o jẹ kekere tabi nẹtiwọọki nla nipasẹ ọpọlọpọ iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ati awọn iseda ọpọ rẹ. Mimu eto ati nẹtiwọọki si oke ati ṣiṣe jẹ iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ti iṣẹ System/Network Administrator. Ninu nkan yii a yoo ṣe atunyẹwo atunto nẹtiwọọki ti a lo nigbagbogbo ati awọn ofin laasigbotitusita ni Lainos.
1. ifconfig
ifconfig (oluṣeto atunto atokọ) aṣẹ ni lilo lati bẹrẹ ipilẹṣẹ, fi Adirẹsi IP si wiwo ati muu ṣiṣẹ tabi mu wiwo ṣiṣẹ lori ibeere. Pẹlu aṣẹ yii o le wo Adirẹsi IP ati Ohun elo Hardware/MAC sọtọ si wiwo ati tun MTU (Iwọn gbigbe pupọ) iwọn.
# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:192.168.50.2 Bcast:192.168.50.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe28:fd4c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:6093 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4824 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:6125302 (5.8 MiB) TX bytes:536966 (524.3 KiB)
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:480 (480.0 b) TX bytes:480 (480.0 b)ifconfig pẹlu aṣẹ wiwo (eth0) nikan fihan awọn alaye atọkun pato bi Adirẹsi IP, Adirẹsi MAC ati bẹbẹ lọ pẹlu -a awọn aṣayan yoo han gbogbo awọn alaye atokọ ti o wa ti o ba mu tun.
# ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:192.168.50.2 Bcast:192.168.50.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe28:fd4c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:6119 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4841 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:6127464 (5.8 MiB) TX bytes:539648 (527.0 KiB)
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000Fifiranṣẹ Adirẹsi IP ati Ẹnu-ọna si wiwo lori fifo. Eto yoo yọ kuro ni idi ti atunbere eto.
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.50.5 netmask 255.255.255.0
Lati mu ṣiṣẹ tabi mu Ọlọpọọmídíà pàtó kan, a lo àṣẹ apẹẹrẹ gẹgẹ bi atẹle.
# ifup eth0
# ifdown eth0
Nipa aiyipada iwọn MTU jẹ 1500. A le ṣeto iwọn MTU ti a beere pẹlu aṣẹ isalẹ. Rọpo XXXX pẹlu iwọn.
# ifconfig eth0 mtu XXXX
Ni wiwo nẹtiwọọki nikan ti a gba awọn apo-iwe jẹ ti NIC pato naa. Ti o ba fi wiwo si ipo panṣaga o yoo gba gbogbo awọn apo-iwe. Eyi wulo pupọ lati mu awọn apo-iwe ati itupalẹ nigbamii. Fun eyi o le nilo iraye si superuser.
# ifconfig eth0 - promisc
2. PING Commandfin
PING (Packet INternet Groper) aṣẹ ni ọna ti o dara julọ lati ṣe idanwo isopọmọ laarin awọn apa meji. Boya o jẹ Nẹtiwọọki Agbegbe Agbegbe (LAN) tabi Nẹtiwọọki Agbegbe jakejado (WAN). Ping lo ICMP (Ilana Ifiranṣẹ Iṣakoso Ayelujara) lati ṣe ibaraẹnisọrọ si awọn ẹrọ miiran. O le ping orukọ ogun ti adirẹsi IP ni lilo pipaṣẹ isalẹ.
# ping 4.2.2.2 PING 4.2.2.2 (4.2.2.2) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=44 time=203 ms 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=44 time=201 ms 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=44 time=201 ms OR # ping linux-console.net PING linux-console.net (50.116.66.136) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=284 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=287 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=285 ms
Ninu Linux ping pipaṣẹ n ṣiṣẹ titi iwọ o fi da. Ping pẹlu -c aṣayan aṣayan lẹhin nọmba N ti ibeere (aṣeyọri tabi aṣiṣe aṣiṣe).
# ping -c 5 linux-console.net PING linux-console.net (50.116.66.136) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=285 ms --- linux-console.net ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4295ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 285.062/285.324/285.406/0.599 ms
3. TRACEROUTE Commandfin
traceroute jẹ iwulo laasigbotitusita nẹtiwọọki eyiti o fihan nọmba awọn hops ti o ya lati de opin ibi tun pinnu ọna awọn apo-iwe. Ni isalẹ a n wa ipa-ọna si Adirẹsi IP olupin DNS agbaye ati anfani lati de ibi-ajo tun fihan ọna ti apo-iwe yẹn n rin irin-ajo.
# traceroute 4.2.2.2 traceroute to 4.2.2.2 (4.2.2.2), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 192.168.50.1 (192.168.50.1) 0.217 ms 0.624 ms 0.133 ms 2 227.18.106.27.mysipl.com (27.106.18.227) 2.343 ms 1.910 ms 1.799 ms 3 221-231-119-111.mysipl.com (111.119.231.221) 4.334 ms 4.001 ms 5.619 ms 4 10.0.0.5 (10.0.0.5) 5.386 ms 6.490 ms 6.224 ms 5 gi0-0-0.dgw1.bom2.pacific.net.in (203.123.129.25) 7.798 ms 7.614 ms 7.378 ms 6 115.113.165.49.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in (115.113.165.49) 10.852 ms 5.389 ms 4.322 ms 7 ix-0-100.tcore1.MLV-Mumbai.as6453.net (180.87.38.5) 5.836 ms 5.590 ms 5.503 ms 8 if-9-5.tcore1.WYN-Marseille.as6453.net (80.231.217.17) 216.909 ms 198.864 ms 201.737 ms 9 if-2-2.tcore2.WYN-Marseille.as6453.net (80.231.217.2) 203.305 ms 203.141 ms 202.888 ms 10 if-5-2.tcore1.WV6-Madrid.as6453.net (80.231.200.6) 200.552 ms 202.463 ms 202.222 ms 11 if-8-2.tcore2.SV8-Highbridge.as6453.net (80.231.91.26) 205.446 ms 215.885 ms 202.867 ms 12 if-2-2.tcore1.SV8-Highbridge.as6453.net (80.231.139.2) 202.675 ms 201.540 ms 203.972 ms 13 if-6-2.tcore1.NJY-Newark.as6453.net (80.231.138.18) 203.732 ms 203.496 ms 202.951 ms 14 if-2-2.tcore2.NJY-Newark.as6453.net (66.198.70.2) 203.858 ms 203.373 ms 203.208 ms 15 66.198.111.26 (66.198.111.26) 201.093 ms 63.243.128.25 (63.243.128.25) 206.597 ms 66.198.111.26 (66.198.111.26) 204.178 ms 16 ae9.edge1.NewYork.Level3.net (4.68.62.185) 205.960 ms 205.740 ms 205.487 ms 17 vlan51.ebr1.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.222) 203.867 ms vlan52.ebr2.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.254) 202.850 ms vlan51.ebr1.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.222) 202.351 ms 18 ae-6-6.ebr2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.141.21) 201.771 ms 201.185 ms 201.120 ms 19 ae-81-81.csw3.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.134.74) 202.407 ms 201.479 ms ae-92-92.csw4.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.148.46) 208.145 ms 20 ae-2-70.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.80) 200.572 ms ae-4-90.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.208) 200.402 ms ae-1-60.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.16) 203.573 ms 21 b.resolvers.Level3.net (4.2.2.2) 199.725 ms 199.190 ms 202.488 ms
4. NETSTAT Commandfin
Netstat (Iṣiro Nẹtiwọọki) Alaye asopọ ifihan ifihan, alaye tabili afisona ati bẹbẹ lọ Lati ṣe afihan aṣayan alaye afisona tabili lilo aṣayan bi -r.
# netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 192.168.50.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 default 192.168.50.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ diẹ sii ti stfin Netstat, jọwọ ka nkan iṣaaju wa lori 20 Awọn apẹẹrẹ Aṣẹ Netstat ni Lainos.
5. DIG Commandfin
Ma wà (alaye alaye nipa ibugbe) ibeere alaye ti o jọmọ DNS bi Igbasilẹ kan, CNAME, MX Igbasilẹ ati be be lo Aṣẹ yii ni lilo akọkọ lati ṣe iṣoro iṣoro ibeere ti o ni ibatan DNS.
# dig linux-console.net; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.10.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
Fun awọn apẹẹrẹ diẹ sii ti Dig Command, jọwọ ka nkan lori 10 Linux Dig Commands si Ibeere DNS.
6. NSLOOKUP Commandfin
pipaṣẹ nslookup tun lo lati wa ibeere ti o jọmọ DNS. Awọn apeere wọnyi n fihan Igbasilẹ kan (Adirẹsi IP) ti linux-console.net.
# nslookup linux-console.net Server: 4.2.2.2 Address: 4.2.2.2#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net canonical name = linux-console.net. Name: linux-console.net Address: 50.116.66.136
Fun diẹ sii NSLOOKUP Commandfin, ka nkan lori 8 Linux Nslookup Command Examples.
7. RẸ ọna pipaṣẹ
aṣẹ ọna tun fihan ati ṣe ifọwọyi tabili afisona ip. Lati wo tabili afisona aiyipada ni Linux, tẹ aṣẹ wọnyi.
# route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.50.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 1002 0 0 eth0 default 192.168.50.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Fifi kun, piparẹ awọn ipa-ọna ati Ẹnubode aiyipada pẹlu awọn ofin atẹle.
# route add -net 10.10.10.0/24 gw 192.168.0.1
# route del -net 10.10.10.0/24 gw 192.168.0.1
# route add default gw 192.168.0.1
8. Gbalejo Aṣẹ
gbalejo aṣẹ lati wa orukọ si IP tabi IP lati lorukọ ni IPv4 tabi IPv6 ati tun beere awọn igbasilẹ DNS.
# host www.google.com www.google.com has address 173.194.38.180 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.176 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.177 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.178 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.179 www.google.com has IPv6 address 2404:6800:4003:802::1014
Lilo -t aṣayan a le wa awọn igbasilẹ Awọn orisun DNS bi CNAME, NS, MX, SOA ati bẹbẹ lọ.
# host -t CNAME www.redhat.com www.redhat.com is an alias for wildcard.redhat.com.edgekey.net.
9. Pfin ARP
ARP (Protocol Resolution Protocol) wulo lati wo/ṣafikun awọn akoonu ti awọn tabili ARP ekuro naa. Lati wo tabili aiyipada lo pipaṣẹ bi.
# arp -e Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface 192.168.50.1 ether 00:50:56:c0:00:08 C eth0
10. TOfin ETHTOOL
ethtool jẹ rirọpo ti mii-ọpa. O jẹ lati wo, eto iyara ati ile oloke meji ti Kaadi Ọlọpọọmídíẹ Nẹtiwọọki rẹ (Nic). O le ṣeto ile oloke meji patapata ni/ati be be/sysconfig/awọn iwe afọwọkọ nẹtiwọọki/ifcfg-eth0 pẹlu oniyipada ETHTOOL_OPTS.
# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes11. IWCONFIG Commandfin
aṣẹ iwconfig ni Lainos ni lilo lati tunto ni wiwo nẹtiwọọki alailowaya. O le wo ki o ṣeto awọn alaye Wi-Fi ipilẹ bi ikanni SSID ati fifi ẹnọ kọ nkan. O le tọka oju-iwe eniyan ti iwconfig lati mọ diẹ sii.
# iwconfig [interface]
12. HOSTNAME OSTfin
orukọ olupin ni lati ṣe idanimọ ninu nẹtiwọọki kan. Ṣiṣe pipaṣẹ orukọ olupin lati wo orukọ olupin ti apoti rẹ. O le ṣeto orukọ agbalejo patapata ni/ati be be lo/sysconfig/nẹtiwọọki. Nilo lati tun atunbere apoti lẹẹkan ṣeto orukọ ogun to dara kan.
# hostname linux-console.net
13. GUI eto eto-config-network
Tẹ iru nẹtiwọọki eto-atunto ni iyara aṣẹ lati tunto eto nẹtiwọọki ati pe iwọ yoo ni Ọlọpọọmídíà Olumulo Olumulo (GUI) ti o le tun lo lati tunto Adirẹsi IP, Ẹnubode, DNS ati bẹbẹ lọ bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ aworan.
# system-config-network
Nkan yii le wulo fun lilo lojoojumọ ti olutọsọna Nẹtiwọọki Linux ni Linux/Unix-like operating system. Fi ọwọ kan pin nipasẹ apoti asọye wa ti a ba padanu.