15 Awọn Apejuwe Aṣẹ Ipilẹṣẹ ls ni Lainos
ls aṣẹ jẹ ọkan ninu aṣẹ ti a nlo nigbagbogbo ni Linux. Mo gbagbọ pe aṣẹ ls ni aṣẹ akọkọ ti o le lo nigbati o ba wọle si aṣẹ aṣẹ ti Apoti Linux.
A lo pipaṣẹ ls lojoojumọ ati nigbagbogbo botilẹjẹpe a le ma mọ ati pe ko lo gbogbo aṣayan ls ti o wa. Ninu nkan yii, a yoo ṣe ijiroro ipilẹ ls aṣẹ nibiti a ti gbiyanju lati bo bi awọn ipele pupọ bi o ti ṣee.
ls laisi awọn faili atokọ aṣayan ati awọn ilana itọnisọna ni ọna kika igboro nibiti a kii yoo ni anfani lati wo awọn alaye bi awọn iru faili, iwọn, ọjọ ati akoko ti a tunṣe, igbanilaaye ati awọn ọna asopọ ati be be lo.
# ls 0001.pcap Desktop Downloads index.html install.log.syslog Pictures Templates anaconda-ks.cfg Documents fbcmd_update.php install.log Music Public Videos
Nibi, ls -l (-l jẹ ohun kikọ kii ṣe ọkan) fihan faili tabi itọsọna, iwọn, ọjọ ti a yipada ati akoko, faili tabi orukọ folda ati oluwa faili ati igbanilaaye rẹ.
# ls -l total 176 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap -rw-------. 1 root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos
Ṣe atokọ gbogbo awọn faili pẹlu faili pamọ ti o bẹrẹ pẹlu ‘.‘.
# ls -a . .bashrc Documents .gconfd install.log .nautilus .pulse-cookie .. .cache Downloads .gnome2 install.log.syslog .netstat.swp .recently-used.xbel 0001.pcap .config .elinks .gnome2_private .kde .opera .spice-vdagent anaconda-ks.cfg .cshrc .esd_auth .gtk-bookmarks .libreoffice Pictures .tcshrc .bash_history .dbus .fbcmd .gvfs .local .pki Templates .bash_logout Desktop fbcmd_update.php .ICEauthority .mozilla Public Videos .bash_profile .digrc .gconf index.html Music .pulse .wireshark
Pẹlu apapo ti -lh aṣayan, fihan awọn iwọn ni kika kika eniyan.
# ls -lh total 176K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap -rw-------. 1 root root 1.6K Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4.0K Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21K Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46K Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48K Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Videos
Lilo -F aṣayan pẹlu aṣẹ ls, yoo ṣafikun Ihuwasi ‘/’ ni ipari itọsọna kọọkan.
# ls -F 0001.pcap Desktop/ Downloads/ index.html install.log.syslog Pictures/ Templates/ anaconda-ks.cfg Documents/ fbcmd_update.php install.log Music/ Public/ Videos/
Aṣẹ atẹle pẹlu awọn faili ifihan aṣayan ls -r ati awọn ilana itọnisọna ni aṣẹ yiyipada.
# ls -r Videos Public Music install.log fbcmd_update.php Documents anaconda-ks.cfg Templates Pictures install.log.syslog index.html Downloads Desktop 0001.pcap
Aṣayan ls -R yoo ṣe atokọ awọn igi atokọ gigun pupọ. Wo apẹẹrẹ ti iṣẹjade aṣẹ.
# ls -R total 1384 -rw-------. 1 root root 33408 Aug 8 17:25 anaconda.log -rw-------. 1 root root 30508 Aug 8 17:25 anaconda.program.log ./httpd: total 132 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Aug 19 03:14 access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 61916 Aug 10 17:55 access_log-20120812 ./lighttpd: total 68 -rw-r--r-- 1 lighttpd lighttpd 7858 Aug 21 15:26 access.log -rw-r--r--. 1 lighttpd lighttpd 37531 Aug 17 18:21 access.log-20120819 ./nginx: total 12 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Aug 12 03:17 access.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 390 Aug 12 03:17 access.log-20120812.gz
Pẹlu apapo ti -ltr yoo fihan faili iyipada tuntun tabi ọjọ itọsọna bi kẹhin.
# ls -ltr total 176 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-------. 1 root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
Pẹlu apapọ ti -lS awọn ifihan iwọn faili ni aṣẹ, yoo ṣe afihan titobi nla ni akọkọ.
# ls -lS total 176 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos -rw-------. 1 root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
A le wo nọmba ti a tẹ ṣaaju faili/itọsọna liana. Pẹlu faili -i akojọ aṣayan/itọsọna pẹlu nọmba inode.
# ls -i 20112 0001.pcap 23610 Documents 23793 index.html 23611 Music 23597 Templates 23564 anaconda-ks.cfg 23595 Downloads 22 install.log 23612 Pictures 23613 Videos 23594 Desktop 23585 fbcmd_update.php 35 install.log.syslog 23601 Public
Ṣayẹwo ẹya ti aṣẹ ls.
# ls --version ls (GNU coreutils) 8.4 Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
Akojọ oju-iwe iranlọwọ ti aṣẹ ls pẹlu aṣayan wọn.
# ls --help Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Pẹlu awọn faili atokọ ls -l labẹ itọsọna/tmp. Nibiti pẹlu awọn ipele-aye ṣe afihan alaye ti/tmp liana.
# ls -l /tmp total 408 drwx------. 2 narad narad 4096 Aug 2 02:00 CRX_75DAF8CB7768 -r--------. 1 root root 384683 Aug 4 12:28 htop-1.0.1.tar.gz drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 4 11:20 keyring-6Mfjnk drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 16 01:33 keyring-pioZJr drwx------. 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 11:26 orbit-gdm drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 19 08:41 pulse-gl6o4ZdxQVrX drwx------. 2 narad narad 4096 Aug 4 08:16 pulse-UDH76ExwUVoU drwx------. 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 11:26 pulse-wJtcweUCtvhn -rw-------. 1 root root 300 Aug 16 03:34 yum_save_tx-2012-08-16-03-34LJTAa1.yumtx
# ls -ld /tmp/ drwxrwxrwt. 13 root root 4096 Aug 21 12:48 /tmp/
Lati ṣe afihan UID ati GID ti awọn faili ati awọn ilana ilana. lo aṣayan -n pẹlu aṣẹ ls.
# ls -n total 36 drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Downloads drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Pictures -rw-rw-r--. 1 500 500 12 Aug 21 13:06 tmp.txt drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Videos
A ti ṣe inagijẹ fun pipaṣẹ ls, nigbati a ba ṣe pipaṣẹ ls yoo gba -l aṣayan nipasẹ aiyipada ati ṣafihan atokọ gigun bi a ti sọ tẹlẹ.
# alias ls="ls -l"
Akiyesi: A le wo nọmba ti inagijẹ ti o wa ninu eto rẹ pẹlu isalẹ inagijẹ aṣẹ ati pe kanna le jẹ ailorukọ bi a ṣe han ni apẹẹrẹ isalẹ.
# alias alias cp='cp -i' alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto' alias ll='ls -l --color=auto' alias ls='ls --color=auto' alias mv='mv -i' alias rm='rm -i' alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'
Lati yọ inagijẹ ti a ti ṣalaye tẹlẹ, o kan lo aṣẹ unalias.
# unalias ls
Ninu nkan wa ti nbọ a yoo bo diẹ sii tabi awọn ibeere ibere ijomitoro lori aṣẹ ls ati tun ti a ba padanu ohunkohun ninu atokọ naa, jọwọ mu wa nipasẹ apakan asọye.