Awọn irinṣẹ 4 lati Ṣakoso EXT2, EXT3 ati Ilera EXT4 ni Lainos


Eto faili jẹ ilana data ti o ṣe iranlọwọ lati ṣakoso bi a ṣe tọju data ati gba pada lori ẹrọ kọmputa kan. Eto faili kan tun le ṣe akiyesi bi ipin ti ara (tabi ti o gbooro sii) lori disiki kan. Ti ko ba ni itọju daradara ati abojuto ni igbagbogbo, o le bajẹ tabi bajẹ ni igba pipẹ, ni ọpọlọpọ awọn ọna oriṣiriṣi.

Awọn ifosiwewe pupọ lo wa ti o le fa ki faili eto kan di alailera: awọn ijamba eto, ohun elo tabi awọn aiṣe sọfitiwia, awakọ awakọ ati awọn eto, yiyi pada ni ti ko tọ, fifaju rẹ pẹlu data ti o pọ julọ pẹlu awọn aṣiṣe kekere miiran.

Eyikeyi ninu awọn ọran wọnyi le fa ki Lainos ko gbe (tabi yọ kuro) eto faili ni oore-ọfẹ, nitorinaa mu ikuna eto wa.

Ni afikun, ṣiṣe eto rẹ pẹlu eto faili ti o bajẹ le fun awọn aṣiṣe asiko asiko miiran ni awọn paati ẹrọ ṣiṣe tabi ni awọn ohun elo olumulo, eyiti o le pọ si pipadanu data to muna. Lati yago fun ijiya eto ibajẹ tabi ibajẹ, o nilo lati ni oju si ilera rẹ.

Ninu nkan yii, a yoo bo awọn irinṣẹ lati ṣetọju ati ṣetọju ilera kan, ext3 ati ext4 awọn faili eto. Gbogbo awọn irinṣẹ ti a ṣalaye nibi nilo awọn anfani olumulo gbongbo, nitorinaa lo aṣẹ sudo lati ṣiṣẹ wọn.

Bii a ṣe le wo Alaye Faili faili EXT2/EXT3/EXT4

dumpe2fs jẹ ọpa laini aṣẹ ti a lo lati da alaye alaye eto faili ext2/ext3/ext4 silẹ, tumọ si pe o ṣe afihan idiwọ pupọ ati awọn alaye ẹgbẹ awọn bulọọki fun eto faili lori ẹrọ.

Ṣaaju ṣiṣe dumpe2fs, rii daju lati ṣiṣe aṣẹ df -hT lati mọ awọn orukọ ẹrọ faili faili.

$ sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda10
dumpe2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Filesystem volume name:   
Last mounted on:          /
Filesystem UUID:          bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash 
Default mount options:    user_xattr acl
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              21544960
Block count:              86154752
Reserved block count:     4307737
Free blocks:              22387732
Free inodes:              21026406
First block:              0
Block size:               4096
Fragment size:            4096
Reserved GDT blocks:      1003
Blocks per group:         32768
Fragments per group:      32768
Inodes per group:         8192
Inode blocks per group:   512
Flex block group size:    16
Filesystem created:       Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016
Last mount time:          Mon Nov  6 10:25:28 2017
Last write time:          Mon Nov  6 10:25:19 2017
Mount count:              432
Maximum mount count:      -1
Last checked:             Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016
Check interval:           0 ()
Lifetime writes:          2834 GB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:	          256
Required extra isize:     28
Desired extra isize:      28
Journal inode:            8
First orphan inode:       6947324
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805
Journal backup:           inode blocks
Journal features:         journal_incompat_revoke
Journal size:             128M
Journal length:           32768
Journal sequence:         0x00580f0c
Journal start:            12055

O le kọja Flag -b lati ṣe afihan eyikeyi awọn bulọọki ti o wa ni ipamọ bi buburu ninu eto faili (ko si abajade ti o tumọ si awọn idiwọ):

$ dumpe2fs -b

Ṣiṣayẹwo EXT2/EXT3/EXT4 Awọn faili Faili Fun Awọn aṣiṣe

e2fsck ni a lo lati ṣe ayẹwo awọn faili faili ext2/ext3/ext4 fun awọn aṣiṣe ati awọn sọwedowo fsck ati pe o le ṣe atunṣe ọna ẹrọ faili Linux kan ni yiyan o jẹ ipilẹ-opin fun ibiti awọn oluyẹwo eto faili (fsck.fstype fun apẹẹrẹ fsck.ext3, fsck.sfx ati be be lo) ti a nṣe labẹ Linux.

Ranti pe Lainos n ṣiṣẹ e2fack/fsck laifọwọyi ni bata eto lori awọn ipin ti o ni aami fun ṣayẹwo ni/ati be be lo/fstab faili iṣeto. Eyi ni a ṣe deede lẹhin ti eto faili ko ti kuro ni mimọ.

Ifarabalẹ: Maṣe ṣiṣe e2fsck tabi fsck lori awọn eto faili ti o gbe, nigbagbogbo yọ ipin kuro ni akọkọ ṣaaju ki o to le ṣiṣẹ awọn irinṣẹ wọnyi lori rẹ, bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ.

$ sudo unmount /dev/sda10
$ sudo fsck /dev/sda10

Ni omiiran, mu iṣiṣẹ ọrọ-ọrọ ṣiṣẹ pẹlu yipada -V ki o lo -t lati ṣafihan iru eto faili bii eleyi:

$ sudo fsck -Vt ext4 /dev/sda10

Gbigbasilẹ awọn faili faili EXT2/EXT3/EXT4

A mẹnuba lati ibẹrẹ pe ọkan ninu awọn idi ti ibajẹ eto faili jẹ yiyiyi ti ko tọ. O le lo ohun elo tune2fs lati yi awọn ipilẹ ti o ṣee ṣe pada ti awọn faili faili ext2/ext3/ext4 bi a ti salaye ni isalẹ.

Lati wo awọn akoonu ti superblock systemystem, pẹlu awọn iye lọwọlọwọ ti awọn ipele, lo aṣayan -l bi o ti han.

$ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda10
tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Filesystem volume name:   
Last mounted on:          /
Filesystem UUID:          bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash 
Default mount options:    user_xattr acl
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              21544960
Block count:              86154752
Reserved block count:     4307737
Free blocks:              22387732
Free inodes:              21026406
First block:              0
Block size:               4096
Fragment size:            4096
Reserved GDT blocks:      1003
Blocks per group:         32768
Fragments per group:      32768
Inodes per group:         8192
Inode blocks per group:   512
Flex block group size:    16
Filesystem created:       Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016
Last mount time:          Mon Nov  6 10:25:28 2017
Last write time:          Mon Nov  6 10:25:19 2017
Mount count:              432
Maximum mount count:      -1
Last checked:             Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016
Check interval:           0 ()
Lifetime writes:          2834 GB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:	          256
Required extra isize:     28
Desired extra isize:      28
Journal inode:            8
First orphan inode:       6947324
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805
Journal backup:           inode blocks

Nigbamii, nipa lilo asia -c , o le ṣeto nọmba awọn gbigbe lẹhin eyi ti a o ṣayẹwo eto faili nipasẹ e2fsck. Aṣẹ yii fun ilana ni ṣiṣe e2fsck lodi si /dev/sda10 lẹhin gbogbo awọn oke 4.

$ sudo tune2fs -c 4 /dev/sda10

tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Setting maximal mount count to 4

O tun le ṣalaye akoko laarin awọn sọwedowo faili meji pẹlu aṣayan -i . Atẹle ti n tẹle ṣeto aarin ti awọn ọjọ 2 laarin awọn sọwedowo faili.

$ sudo tune2fs  -i  2d  /dev/sda10

tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Setting interval between checks to 172800 seconds

Nisisiyi ti o ba ṣiṣẹ aṣẹ yii ni isalẹ, aarin eto ayewo faili fun /dev/sda10 ti ṣeto bayi.

$ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda10
Filesystem created:       Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016
Last mount time:          Mon Nov  6 10:25:28 2017
Last write time:          Mon Nov  6 13:49:50 2017
Mount count:              432
Maximum mount count:      4
Last checked:             Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016
Check interval:           172800 (2 days)
Next check after:         Tue Aug  2 16:19:36 2016
Lifetime writes:          2834 GB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:	          256
Required extra isize:     28
Desired extra isize:      28
Journal inode:            8
First orphan inode:       6947324
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805
Journal backup:           inode blocks

Lati yi awọn ipilẹ iwe iroyin aiyipada pada, lo aṣayan -J . Aṣayan yii tun ni awọn aṣayan-kekere: iwọn = iwọn-iwe-akọọlẹ (ṣeto iwọn ti akọọlẹ), ẹrọ = iwe iroyin ita (sọ ẹrọ ti o wa lori rẹ) ati ipo = ipo-iwe iroyin (ṣalaye ipo ti akọọlẹ naa).

Akiyesi pe ọkan ninu iwọn tabi awọn aṣayan ẹrọ ni a le ṣeto fun eto faili kan:

$ sudo tune2fs -J size=4MB /dev/sda10

Kẹhin ṣugbọn kii kere ju, aami iwọn didun ti eto faili kan le ṣeto nipasẹ lilo aṣayan -L bi isalẹ.

$ sudo tune2fs -L "ROOT" /dev/sda10

Yokokoro EXT2/EXT3/EXT4 Awọn faili eto

awọn n ṣatunṣe aṣiṣe jẹ rọrun, laini aṣẹ ibanisọrọ ti o da lori ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems debugger. O fun ọ laaye lati yipada awọn ipilẹ eto faili ni ibaraenisepo. Lati wo awọn aṣẹ-aṣẹ tabi awọn ibeere, tẹ \"? \" .

$ sudo debugfs /dev/sda10

Nipa aiyipada, eto faili yẹ ki o ṣii ni ipo kika-ka, lo asia -w lati ṣii ni ipo kika-kika. Lati ṣii ni ipo ajalu, lo aṣayan -c .

debugfs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
debugfs:  ?
Available debugfs requests:

show_debugfs_params, params
                         Show debugfs parameters
open_filesys, open       Open a filesystem
close_filesys, close     Close the filesystem
freefrag, e2freefrag     Report free space fragmentation
feature, features        Set/print superblock features
dirty_filesys, dirty     Mark the filesystem as dirty
init_filesys             Initialize a filesystem (DESTROYS DATA)
show_super_stats, stats  Show superblock statistics
ncheck                   Do inode->name translation
icheck                   Do block->inode translation
change_root_directory, chroot
....

Lati fihan ida aaye aaye ọfẹ, lo ibeere freefrag, bii bẹẹ.

debugfs: freefrag
Device: /dev/sda10
Blocksize: 4096 bytes
Total blocks: 86154752
Free blocks: 22387732 (26.0%)

Min. free extent: 4 KB 
Max. free extent: 2064256 KB
Avg. free extent: 2664 KB
Num. free extent: 33625

HISTOGRAM OF FREE EXTENT SIZES:
Extent Size Range :  Free extents   Free Blocks  Percent
    4K...    8K-  :          4883          4883    0.02%
    8K...   16K-  :          4029          9357    0.04%
   16K...   32K-  :          3172         15824    0.07%
   32K...   64K-  :          2523         27916    0.12%
   64K...  128K-  :          2041         45142    0.20%
  128K...  256K-  :          2088         95442    0.43%
  256K...  512K-  :          2462        218526    0.98%
  512K... 1024K-  :          3175        571055    2.55%
    1M...    2M-  :          4551       1609188    7.19%
    2M...    4M-  :          2870       1942177    8.68%
    4M...    8M-  :          1065       1448374    6.47%
    8M...   16M-  :           364        891633    3.98%
   16M...   32M-  :           194        984448    4.40%
   32M...   64M-  :            86        873181    3.90%
   64M...  128M-  :            77       1733629    7.74%
  128M...  256M-  :            11        490445    2.19%
  256M...  512M-  :            10        889448    3.97%
  512M... 1024M-  :             2        343904    1.54%
    1G...    2G-  :            22      10217801   45.64%
debugfs:  

O le ṣawari ọpọlọpọ awọn ibeere miiran bii ṣiṣẹda tabi yiyọ awọn faili tabi awọn ilana ilana, yiyipada ilana iṣẹ lọwọlọwọ ati pupọ diẹ sii, nipa kika kika alaye ṣoki ti a pese. Lati da awọn aṣiṣe kuro, lo ibeere q .

Iyẹn ni gbogbo fun bayi! A ni ikojọpọ ti awọn nkan ti o jọmọ labẹ awọn isọri oriṣiriṣi ni isalẹ, eyiti iwọ yoo rii wulo.

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Mimu eto eto ilera ni ilera nigbagbogbo n mu ilọsiwaju gbogbogbo ti eto Linux rẹ pọ si. Ti o ba ni ibeere eyikeyi tabi awọn ero afikun lati pin lo fọọmu asọye ni isalẹ.