Awọn irinṣẹ 4 lati Ṣakoso EXT2, EXT3 ati Ilera EXT4 ni Lainos
Eto faili jẹ ilana data ti o ṣe iranlọwọ lati ṣakoso bi a ṣe tọju data ati gba pada lori ẹrọ kọmputa kan. Eto faili kan tun le ṣe akiyesi bi ipin ti ara (tabi ti o gbooro sii) lori disiki kan. Ti ko ba ni itọju daradara ati abojuto ni igbagbogbo, o le bajẹ tabi bajẹ ni igba pipẹ, ni ọpọlọpọ awọn ọna oriṣiriṣi.
Awọn ifosiwewe pupọ lo wa ti o le fa ki faili eto kan di alailera: awọn ijamba eto, ohun elo tabi awọn aiṣe sọfitiwia, awakọ awakọ ati awọn eto, yiyi pada ni ti ko tọ, fifaju rẹ pẹlu data ti o pọ julọ pẹlu awọn aṣiṣe kekere miiran.
Eyikeyi ninu awọn ọran wọnyi le fa ki Lainos ko gbe (tabi yọ kuro) eto faili ni oore-ọfẹ, nitorinaa mu ikuna eto wa.
Ni afikun, ṣiṣe eto rẹ pẹlu eto faili ti o bajẹ le fun awọn aṣiṣe asiko asiko miiran ni awọn paati ẹrọ ṣiṣe tabi ni awọn ohun elo olumulo, eyiti o le pọ si pipadanu data to muna. Lati yago fun ijiya eto ibajẹ tabi ibajẹ, o nilo lati ni oju si ilera rẹ.
Ninu nkan yii, a yoo bo awọn irinṣẹ lati ṣetọju ati ṣetọju ilera kan, ext3 ati ext4 awọn faili eto. Gbogbo awọn irinṣẹ ti a ṣalaye nibi nilo awọn anfani olumulo gbongbo, nitorinaa lo aṣẹ sudo lati ṣiṣẹ wọn.
Bii a ṣe le wo Alaye Faili faili EXT2/EXT3/EXT4
dumpe2fs jẹ ọpa laini aṣẹ ti a lo lati da alaye alaye eto faili ext2/ext3/ext4 silẹ, tumọ si pe o ṣe afihan idiwọ pupọ ati awọn alaye ẹgbẹ awọn bulọọki fun eto faili lori ẹrọ.
Ṣaaju ṣiṣe dumpe2fs, rii daju lati ṣiṣe aṣẹ df -hT lati mọ awọn orukọ ẹrọ faili faili.
$ sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda10
dumpe2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Filesystem volume name: Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 21544960 Block count: 86154752 Reserved block count: 4307737 Free blocks: 22387732 Free inodes: 21026406 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 1003 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:19 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 0 () Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks Journal features: journal_incompat_revoke Journal size: 128M Journal length: 32768 Journal sequence: 0x00580f0c Journal start: 12055
O le kọja Flag -b
lati ṣe afihan eyikeyi awọn bulọọki ti o wa ni ipamọ bi buburu ninu eto faili (ko si abajade ti o tumọ si awọn idiwọ):
$ dumpe2fs -b
Ṣiṣayẹwo EXT2/EXT3/EXT4 Awọn faili Faili Fun Awọn aṣiṣe
e2fsck ni a lo lati ṣe ayẹwo awọn faili faili ext2/ext3/ext4 fun awọn aṣiṣe ati awọn sọwedowo fsck ati pe o le ṣe atunṣe ọna ẹrọ faili Linux kan ni yiyan o jẹ ipilẹ-opin fun ibiti awọn oluyẹwo eto faili (fsck.fstype fun apẹẹrẹ fsck.ext3, fsck.sfx ati be be lo) ti a nṣe labẹ Linux.
Ranti pe Lainos n ṣiṣẹ e2fack/fsck laifọwọyi ni bata eto lori awọn ipin ti o ni aami fun ṣayẹwo ni/ati be be lo/fstab faili iṣeto. Eyi ni a ṣe deede lẹhin ti eto faili ko ti kuro ni mimọ.
Ifarabalẹ: Maṣe ṣiṣe e2fsck tabi fsck lori awọn eto faili ti o gbe, nigbagbogbo yọ ipin kuro ni akọkọ ṣaaju ki o to le ṣiṣẹ awọn irinṣẹ wọnyi lori rẹ, bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ.
$ sudo unmount /dev/sda10 $ sudo fsck /dev/sda10
Ni omiiran, mu iṣiṣẹ ọrọ-ọrọ ṣiṣẹ pẹlu yipada -V
ki o lo -t
lati ṣafihan iru eto faili bii eleyi:
$ sudo fsck -Vt ext4 /dev/sda10
Gbigbasilẹ awọn faili faili EXT2/EXT3/EXT4
A mẹnuba lati ibẹrẹ pe ọkan ninu awọn idi ti ibajẹ eto faili jẹ yiyiyi ti ko tọ. O le lo ohun elo tune2fs lati yi awọn ipilẹ ti o ṣee ṣe pada ti awọn faili faili ext2/ext3/ext4 bi a ti salaye ni isalẹ.
Lati wo awọn akoonu ti superblock systemystem, pẹlu awọn iye lọwọlọwọ ti awọn ipele, lo aṣayan -l
bi o ti han.
$ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda10
tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Filesystem volume name: Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 21544960 Block count: 86154752 Reserved block count: 4307737 Free blocks: 22387732 Free inodes: 21026406 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 1003 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:19 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 0 () Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks
Nigbamii, nipa lilo asia -c
, o le ṣeto nọmba awọn gbigbe lẹhin eyi ti a o ṣayẹwo eto faili nipasẹ e2fsck. Aṣẹ yii fun ilana ni ṣiṣe e2fsck lodi si /dev/sda10
lẹhin gbogbo awọn oke 4.
$ sudo tune2fs -c 4 /dev/sda10 tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Setting maximal mount count to 4
O tun le ṣalaye akoko laarin awọn sọwedowo faili meji pẹlu aṣayan -i
. Atẹle ti n tẹle ṣeto aarin ti awọn ọjọ 2 laarin awọn sọwedowo faili.
$ sudo tune2fs -i 2d /dev/sda10 tune2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) Setting interval between checks to 172800 seconds
Nisisiyi ti o ba ṣiṣẹ aṣẹ yii ni isalẹ, aarin eto ayewo faili fun /dev/sda10
ti ṣeto bayi.
$ sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda10
Filesystem created: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Last mount time: Mon Nov 6 10:25:28 2017 Last write time: Mon Nov 6 13:49:50 2017 Mount count: 432 Maximum mount count: 4 Last checked: Sun Jul 31 16:19:36 2016 Check interval: 172800 (2 days) Next check after: Tue Aug 2 16:19:36 2016 Lifetime writes: 2834 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 6947324 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: 9da5dafb-bded-494d-ba7f-5c0ff3d9b805 Journal backup: inode blocks
Lati yi awọn ipilẹ iwe iroyin aiyipada pada, lo aṣayan -J
. Aṣayan yii tun ni awọn aṣayan-kekere: iwọn = iwọn-iwe-akọọlẹ (ṣeto iwọn ti akọọlẹ), ẹrọ = iwe iroyin ita (sọ ẹrọ ti o wa lori rẹ) ati ipo = ipo-iwe iroyin (ṣalaye ipo ti akọọlẹ naa).
Akiyesi pe ọkan ninu iwọn tabi awọn aṣayan ẹrọ ni a le ṣeto fun eto faili kan:
$ sudo tune2fs -J size=4MB /dev/sda10
Kẹhin ṣugbọn kii kere ju, aami iwọn didun ti eto faili kan le ṣeto nipasẹ lilo aṣayan -L
bi isalẹ.
$ sudo tune2fs -L "ROOT" /dev/sda10
Yokokoro EXT2/EXT3/EXT4 Awọn faili eto
awọn n ṣatunṣe aṣiṣe jẹ rọrun, laini aṣẹ ibanisọrọ ti o da lori ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems debugger. O fun ọ laaye lati yipada awọn ipilẹ eto faili ni ibaraenisepo. Lati wo awọn aṣẹ-aṣẹ tabi awọn ibeere, tẹ \"? \"
.
$ sudo debugfs /dev/sda10
Nipa aiyipada, eto faili yẹ ki o ṣii ni ipo kika-ka, lo asia -w
lati ṣii ni ipo kika-kika. Lati ṣii ni ipo ajalu, lo aṣayan -c
.
debugfs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015) debugfs: ? Available debugfs requests: show_debugfs_params, params Show debugfs parameters open_filesys, open Open a filesystem close_filesys, close Close the filesystem freefrag, e2freefrag Report free space fragmentation feature, features Set/print superblock features dirty_filesys, dirty Mark the filesystem as dirty init_filesys Initialize a filesystem (DESTROYS DATA) show_super_stats, stats Show superblock statistics ncheck Do inode->name translation icheck Do block->inode translation change_root_directory, chroot ....
Lati fihan ida aaye aaye ọfẹ, lo ibeere freefrag, bii bẹẹ.
debugfs: freefrag
Device: /dev/sda10 Blocksize: 4096 bytes Total blocks: 86154752 Free blocks: 22387732 (26.0%) Min. free extent: 4 KB Max. free extent: 2064256 KB Avg. free extent: 2664 KB Num. free extent: 33625 HISTOGRAM OF FREE EXTENT SIZES: Extent Size Range : Free extents Free Blocks Percent 4K... 8K- : 4883 4883 0.02% 8K... 16K- : 4029 9357 0.04% 16K... 32K- : 3172 15824 0.07% 32K... 64K- : 2523 27916 0.12% 64K... 128K- : 2041 45142 0.20% 128K... 256K- : 2088 95442 0.43% 256K... 512K- : 2462 218526 0.98% 512K... 1024K- : 3175 571055 2.55% 1M... 2M- : 4551 1609188 7.19% 2M... 4M- : 2870 1942177 8.68% 4M... 8M- : 1065 1448374 6.47% 8M... 16M- : 364 891633 3.98% 16M... 32M- : 194 984448 4.40% 32M... 64M- : 86 873181 3.90% 64M... 128M- : 77 1733629 7.74% 128M... 256M- : 11 490445 2.19% 256M... 512M- : 10 889448 3.97% 512M... 1024M- : 2 343904 1.54% 1G... 2G- : 22 10217801 45.64% debugfs:
O le ṣawari ọpọlọpọ awọn ibeere miiran bii ṣiṣẹda tabi yiyọ awọn faili tabi awọn ilana ilana, yiyipada ilana iṣẹ lọwọlọwọ ati pupọ diẹ sii, nipa kika kika alaye ṣoki ti a pese. Lati da awọn aṣiṣe kuro, lo ibeere q
.
Iyẹn ni gbogbo fun bayi! A ni ikojọpọ ti awọn nkan ti o jọmọ labẹ awọn isọri oriṣiriṣi ni isalẹ, eyiti iwọ yoo rii wulo.
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- Bii o ṣe le Tunṣe ati Defragment Awọn ipin Eto Lainos ati Awọn itọsọna
Mimu eto eto ilera ni ilera nigbagbogbo n mu ilọsiwaju gbogbogbo ti eto Linux rẹ pọ si. Ti o ba ni ibeere eyikeyi tabi awọn ero afikun lati pin lo fọọmu asọye ni isalẹ.