Fifi sori ẹrọ Arch Linux ati iṣeto ni lori Awọn ẹrọ UEFI
Arch Linux jẹ ọkan ninu ọpọlọpọ pinpin GNU Linux pinpin nitori irọrun rẹ ati gige awọn idii sọfitiwia eti nitori awoṣe Sisọ sẹsẹ sẹsẹ rẹ, Arch Linux ko ni adirẹsi fun awọn olubere ni agbaye Linux. O tun pese oluta-laini aṣẹ-idiju idiju, laisi atilẹyin Atọka Aworan. Apẹẹrẹ fifi sori laini aṣẹ ṣe iṣẹ ti fifi eto sori ẹrọ ni irọrun pupọ ṣugbọn tun nira pupọ fun awọn olubere Linux.
Lori gbogbo wọn, Arch Linux pese awọn ibi ipamọ awọn idii sọfitiwia tirẹ nipasẹ Pacman Manager Package. Arch Linux tun pese agbegbe Multiarch fun oriṣiriṣi Awọn ayaworan Sipiyu, bii 32bit, 64bit, ati ARM.
Awọn idii sọfitiwia, awọn igbẹkẹle, ati awọn abulẹ aabo ni a ṣe imudojuiwọn julọ lori ipilẹ igbagbogbo, ṣiṣe Arch Linux ipinpin gige-eti pẹlu awọn idii idanwo to lagbara diẹ fun agbegbe iṣelọpọ kan.
Arch Linux tun ṣetọju AUR - Ibi ipamọ Olumulo, eyiti o jẹ digi awọn ibi ipamọ sọfitiwia ti iṣakoso awakọ agbegbe ti o tobi. Awọn digi repo AUR gba awọn olumulo laaye lati ṣajọ sọfitiwia lati awọn orisun ati fi sii nipasẹ Pacman ati Yaourt (Sibẹsibẹ Ọpa Ibi ipamọ Olumulo miiran) awọn alakoso package.
Itọsọna yii ṣe agbekalẹ igbesẹ nipasẹ igbesẹ ipilẹ fifi sori ẹrọ Arch Linux nipasẹ aworan CD/USB bootable lori awọn ero orisun UEFI. Fun awọn isọdi miiran tabi awọn alaye ṣabẹwo si oju opo wẹẹbu Arch Linux Wiki ni https://wiki.archlinux.org.
- Gba Arch Linux ISO Image
Igbesẹ 1: Ṣẹda Ifilelẹ Awọn ipin ti Disk
1. Ni akọkọ, lọ ṣe oju-iwe igbasilẹ Arch Linux ki o mu aworan CD tuntun (ie ẹya iduroṣinṣin lọwọlọwọ: 2020.05.01 ), ṣẹda CD/USB ti o ṣaja lẹhinna ṣafọ si CD eto rẹ/Awakọ USB.
2. PATAKI igbesẹ! Pẹlupẹlu, rii daju pe eto rẹ ni edidi Ethernet kan ti o ni okun pẹlu asopọ intanẹẹti ati tun olupin DHCP ti nṣiṣe lọwọ ti ṣiṣẹ.
3. Lẹhin awọn bata orunkun CD/USB ti o yoo gbekalẹ pẹlu akọkọ awọn aṣayan Arch Linux Installer . Nibi, yan Arch Linux archiso x86_64 UEFI CD ki o tẹ bọtini Tẹ lati tẹsiwaju.
4. Lẹhin ti oluṣeto naa ti ṣaakiri ati awọn ẹrù Linux Kernel o yoo sọ ọ laifọwọyi si ebute Arch Linux Bash (( TTY )) pẹlu awọn anfani ipilẹ.
Igbesẹ to dara ni bayi ni lati ṣe atokọ awọn NIC ẹrọ rẹ ati ṣayẹwo asopọ nẹtiwọọki intanẹẹti nipa fifun awọn ofin wọnyi.
# ifconfig # ping -c2 google.com
Ni ọran ti o ko ba ni tunto olupin DHCP ni awọn agbegbe rẹ lati fi ipin sọtọ awọn adirẹsi IP si awọn alabara, gbe awọn ofin isalẹ lati tunto adirẹsi IP pẹlu ọwọ fun Arch Live media.
Rọpo wiwo nẹtiwọọki ati awọn adirẹsi IP ni ibamu.
# ifconfig eno16777736 192.168.1.52 netmask 255.255.255.0 # route add default gw 192.168.1.1 # echo “nameserver 8.8.8.8” >> /etc/resolv.conf
Ni igbesẹ yii, o tun le ṣe atokọ disiki lile ẹrọ rẹ nipa fifun awọn ofin wọnyi.
# cat /proc/partitions # ls /dev/[s|x|v]d* # lsblk # fdisk –l
Ni ọran ti ẹrọ rẹ jẹ ẹrọ ti o da lori foju, awọn disiki lile le ni awọn orukọ miiran ju sdx, gẹgẹ bi awọn xvda, vda, ati be be lo Ṣe agbejade aṣẹ ni isalẹ lati ṣe atokọ disiki foju ti o ko ba mọ eto sisọ disiki naa.
# ls /dev | grep ‘^[s|v|x][v|d]’$*
Pataki lati ṣe akiyesi ni pe apejọ orukọ fun ibi ipamọ awakọ Rasipibẹri PI nigbagbogbo jẹ/dev/mmcblk0 ati fun diẹ ninu awọn oriṣi awọn kaadi RAID hardware le jẹ/dev/cciss.
5. Ni igbesẹ ti n tẹle, a yoo bẹrẹ lati tunto awọn ipin Hard Disk naa. Fun ipele yii o le ṣiṣe cfdisk, cgdisk, yapa tabi awọn ohun elo gdisk lati ṣe ipilẹ ipin disk kan fun disk GPT. Mo ṣeduro ni iṣeduro lilo cfdisk fun iwakọ oluṣeto rẹ ati ayedero ni lilo.
Fun ipin ipilẹ, tabili ipilẹ ni lilo ọna atẹle.
- Eka Eto EFI (
/dev/sda1) pẹlu iwọn 300M, akoonu kika FAT32. - Swap ipin (
/dev/sda2) pẹlu iwọn 2xRAM ti a ṣe iṣeduro, Swap On. - Ipin gbongbo (
/dev/sda3) pẹlu o kere ju iwọn 20G tabi isinmi ti aaye HDD, ọna kika ext4.
Nisisiyi ẹ jẹ ki a bẹrẹ bẹrẹ ṣiṣẹda tabili ipin ipin disk nipasẹ ṣiṣe pipaṣẹ cfdisk lodi si dirafu lile ẹrọ, yan iru aami aami GPT, lẹhinna yan Aaye ọfẹ lẹhinna lu lori Titun lati inu akojọ isalẹ, bi a ṣe ṣalaye ninu awọn sikirinisoti isalẹ.
# cfdisk /dev/sda
6. Tẹ iwọn ipin ni MB (300M) ki o tẹ bọtini titẹ sii, yan Tẹ lati inu akojọ isalẹ ki o yan iru ipin ipin EFI System, bi o ṣe han ninu awọn sikirinisoti atẹle.
O ti pari atunto ipin Eto EFI.
7. Itele, jẹ ki a ṣẹda ipin Swap nipa lilo ilana kanna. Lo bọtini itọka isalẹ ki o tun yan Aaye ọfẹ ọfẹ ti o ku ki o tun ṣe awọn igbesẹ loke: Tuntun -> iwọn ipin 2xRAM ti a ṣe iṣeduro (o le lo 1G lailewu) -> Tẹ iru swap Linux.
Lo awọn sikirinisoti isalẹ bi itọsọna si ṣiṣẹda ipin swap.
8. Lakotan, fun /(root) ipin lo iṣeto ni atẹle: Tuntun -> Iwọn: isinmi ti aaye ọfẹ -> Iru faili faili Linux.
Lẹhin ti o ṣe atunyẹwo Tabili ipin yan Kọ, dahun pẹlu bẹẹni lati le lo awọn ayipada disiki ati lẹhinna, tẹ ijaduro lati jade anfani cfdisk, bi a ṣe han ninu awọn aworan isalẹ.
9. Ni bayi, a ti kọ tabili ipin rẹ si HDD GPT ṣugbọn ko si eto faili ti o ṣẹda sibẹsibẹ lori rẹ. O tun le ṣe atunyẹwo akopọ tabili ipin nipasẹ ṣiṣe pipaṣẹ fdisk.
# fdisk -l
10. Bayi, o to akoko lati ọna kika awọn ipin pẹlu awọn eto faili ti o nilo. Ṣe awọn ofin wọnyi lati ṣẹda eto faili FAT32 fun ipin Eto EFI (/ dev/sda), lati ṣẹda eto faili EXT4 fun ipin gbongbo (/ dev/sda3) ati ṣẹda ipin swap fun/dev/sda2.
# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1 # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3 # mkswap /dev/sda2
Igbesẹ 2: Fi Arch Linux sii
11. Lati le fi Arch Linux sori ẹrọ, apakan /(root) gbọdọ wa ni gbigbe si /mnt aaye oke liana lati le wọle. Pẹlupẹlu, ipin swap nilo lati ni ipilẹṣẹ. Ṣe awọn ofin isalẹ lati tunto igbesẹ yii.
# mount /dev/sda3 /mnt # ls /mnt # swapon /dev/sda2
12. Lẹhin ti o ti jẹ ki awọn ipin wa ni wiwọle, o to akoko lati ṣe fifi sori ẹrọ Arch Linux. Lati mu iyara gbigba awọn idii awọn fifi sori ẹrọ pọ si o le ṣatunkọ faili /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist ki o yan oju opo wẹẹbu digi ti o sunmọ julọ (nigbagbogbo yan ipo olupin orilẹ-ede rẹ) lori oke akojọ faili digi naa.
# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
O tun le mu atilẹyin Arch Multilib ṣiṣẹ fun eto laaye nipa ṣiṣaiye awọn ila wọnyi lati faili /etc/pacman.conf.
[multilib] Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
13. Itele, bẹrẹ fifi Arch Linux sii nipa fifun aṣẹ wọnyi.
# pacstrap /mnt base base-devel linux linux-firmware nano vim
Ti o da lori awọn orisun eto rẹ ati iyara intanẹẹti olutẹ le gba lati 5 si iṣẹju 20 lati pari.
14. Lẹhin fifi sori ẹrọ pari, ṣe ina faili fstab fun eto Arch Linux tuntun rẹ nipasẹ ipinfunni aṣẹ atẹle.
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
Lẹhinna, ṣayẹwo akoonu faili fstab nipa ṣiṣe pipaṣẹ isalẹ.
# cat /mnt/etc/fstab
Igbese 3: Arch Linux System iṣeto ni
15. Lati le tunto Arch Linux siwaju, o gbọdọ chroot sinu /mnt ọna eto ati ṣafikun orukọ olupin fun eto rẹ nipa ipinfunni awọn ofin isalẹ.
# arch-chroot /mnt # echo "archbox-tecmint" > /etc/hostname
16. Nigbamii, tunto eto Ede rẹ. Yan ati ṣoki awọn ede aiyipada ti o fẹ lati faili /etc/locale.gen lẹhinna ṣeto agbegbe rẹ nipasẹ ṣiṣe awọn ofin wọnyi.
# pacman -S nano # nano /etc/locale.gen
faili locale.gen ti yọ:
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 en_US ISO-8859-1
Ṣe ipilẹṣẹ eto ede rẹ.
# locale-gen # echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf # export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
17. Igbese ti n tẹle ni lati tunto agbegbe aago eto rẹ nipa ṣiṣẹda aami-ọrọ kan fun agbegbe aago agbegbe rẹ (/ usr/share/zoneinfo/Continent/Main_city) si/ati be be lo/ọna faili agbegbe agbegbe.
# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/ # ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Aisa/Kolkata /etc/localtime
O yẹ ki o tun tunto aago ohun elo lati lo UTC (a ti ṣeto aago hardware si akoko agbegbe).
# hwclock --systohc --utc
18. Bii ọpọlọpọ awọn pinpin kaakiri Linux, Arch Linux lo awọn digi repo fun oriṣiriṣi awọn ipo agbaye ati awọn ayaworan eto pupọ. Awọn ibi ifipamọ bošewa ti muu ṣiṣẹ nipasẹ aiyipada, ṣugbọn ti o ba fẹ mu awọn ibi ipamọ Multilib ṣiṣẹ o gbọdọ ni airotẹlẹ [multilib] awọn itọsọna lati /etc/pacman.conf file, bi o ṣe han ninu iyasọtọ ni isalẹ.
# nano /etc/pacman.conf
19. Ti o ba fẹ lati mu atilẹyin Ohun elo Irinṣẹ Package Yaourt (ti a lo fun gbigba lati ayelujara ati kọ awọn idii AUR) lọ si isalẹ faili /etc/pacman.conf ki o ṣafikun awọn itọsọna wọnyi.
[archlinuxfr] SigLevel = Never Server = http://repo.archlinux.fr/$arch
20. Lẹhin ti o ti satunkọ faili ibi ipamọ, muuṣiṣẹpọ ati mu awọn digi ibi ipamọ data ati awọn idii ṣiṣẹ nipa ṣiṣe pipaṣẹ isalẹ.
# pacman -Syu
21. Itele, ṣeto ọrọ igbaniwọle kan fun akọọlẹ gbongbo ki o ṣẹda olumulo tuntun pẹlu awọn anfani Sudo ninu apoti Arch nipasẹ ipinfunni awọn ofin ni isalẹ. Pẹlupẹlu, pari ọrọ igbaniwọle olumulo ni lati fi ipa mu olumulo tuntun lati yi ọrọ igbaniwọle pada ni iwọle akọkọ.
# passwd # useradd -mg users -G wheel,storage,power -s /bin/bash your_new_user # passwd your_new_user # chage -d 0 your_new_user
22. Lẹhin ti a ti fi olumulo tuntun kun o nilo lati fi sori ẹrọ ni package sudo ki o ṣe imudojuiwọn laini ẹgbẹ kẹkẹ lati/ati be be lo/faili sudoers lati fun awọn anfani root ni olumulo ti a ṣafikun tuntun.
# pacman -S sudo # pacman -S vim # visudo
Ṣafikun laini yii si/ati be be/faili sudoers:
%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
24. Ni igbesẹ ti o kẹhin, fi sori ẹrọ Loader Boot ni ibere fun Arch lati bata lẹhin atunbere. Olupilẹṣẹ aiyipada fun awọn pinpin Linux ati Arch Linux tun jẹ aṣoju nipasẹ package GRUB.
Lati fi sori ẹrọ olutaja GRUB ni awọn ẹrọ UEFI lori disiki lile akọkọ ati tun ṣe awari Arch Linux ati tunto faili fifuye boot GRUB, ṣiṣe awọn ofin wọnyi bi a ṣe ṣalaye ninu awọn sikirinisoti atẹle.
# pacman -S grub efibootmgr dosfstools os-prober mtools # mkdir /boot/EFI # mount /dev/sda1 /boot/EFI #Mount FAT32 EFI partition # grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --bootloader-id=grub_uefi --recheck
25. Lakotan, ṣẹda faili iṣeto GRUB nipa ipinfunni aṣẹ atẹle.
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Oriire! Arch Linux ti wa ni bayi ti fi sori ẹrọ ati tunto fun apoti rẹ. Awọn igbesẹ ti o kẹhin ti o nilo ni bayi ni lati jade kuro ni agbegbe chroot, yọọ awọn ipin kuro ati eto atunbere nipasẹ ipinfunni awọn ofin isalẹ.
# exit # umount -a # telinit 6
26. Lẹhin atunbere, yọ aworan media fifi sori ẹrọ ati eto naa yoo bata taara sinu akojọ aṣayan GRUB bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ.
27. Nigbati eto bata-bata sinu Arch Linux, wọle pẹlu awọn iwe eri ti o tunto fun olumulo rẹ lakoko ilana fifi sori ẹrọ ki o yi ọrọ igbaniwọle iroyin olumulo pada bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ.
28. Iwọ yoo padanu asopọ nẹtiwọọki intanẹẹti nitori ko si alabara DHCP ti o nṣiṣẹ nipasẹ aiyipada ninu eto naa. Lati le bori iṣoro yii, fun ni aṣẹ atẹle pẹlu awọn anfani ipilẹ lati bẹrẹ ati mu alabara DHCP ṣiṣẹ.
Pẹlupẹlu, ṣayẹwo ti wiwo nẹtiwọọki ba wa ni oke ati pe o ni adiresi IP ti a pin nipasẹ olupin DHCP ati ti asopọ intanẹẹti ba ṣiṣẹ bi o ti ṣe yẹ. Pingi agbegbe ID lati ṣe idanwo asopọ intanẹẹti.
$ sudo systemctl start dhcpcd $ sudo systemctl enable dhcpcd # ip a # ping -c2 google.com
Fun bayi, eto Arch Linux ni awọn idii sọfitiwia ipilẹ ti o nilo lati ṣakoso eto naa lati laini-aṣẹ, laisi Ifilelẹ Olumulo Olumulo.
Nitori gbigbe agbara giga rẹ, awọn iyipo ifasilẹ sẹsẹ, akopọ awọn idii orisun, iṣakoso granular lori sọfitiwia ti a fi sori ẹrọ ati iyara ṣiṣisẹ, Arch Linux jọra ni ọpọlọpọ awọn ọna pẹlu Linux Linux, ṣugbọn ko le dide si apẹrẹ ayaworan eka ti Gentoo.
Sibẹsibẹ, ilana ti ṣiṣakoso eto Arch Linux kii ṣe iṣeduro fun awọn olubere Linux. Awọn olubere Linux ti o fẹ ṣiṣẹ eto Arch-like Linux yẹ ki o kọkọ kọ awọn ilana Arch Linux nipasẹ fifi sori ẹrọ pinpin Manjaro Linux.