LFCA: Kọ Awọn Aṣẹ Nẹtiwọọki Ipilẹ - Apakan 4
Ni eyikeyi akoko ti a fun nigba lilo PC rẹ eyiti o ni asopọ si olulana kan, iwọ yoo jẹ apakan nẹtiwọọki kan. Boya o wa ni agbegbe ọfiisi tabi ṣiṣẹ ni irọrun lati ile, kọnputa rẹ yoo wa ninu nẹtiwọọki kan.
Nẹtiwọọki kọnputa kan ti ṣalaye bi ẹgbẹ ti awọn kọnputa 2 tabi diẹ sii ti o sopọ ati pe o le ṣe ibaraẹnisọrọ pẹlu ara ẹni ni itanna. Awọn kọnputa ti wa ni idanimọ nipa lilo awọn orukọ ile-iṣẹ wọn, IP, ati awọn adirẹsi mac.
Ile ti o rọrun tabi nẹtiwọọki ọfiisi ni a tọka si bi LAN, kukuru fun Nẹtiwọọki Agbegbe Agbegbe. LAN kan n bo agbegbe kekere bii ile, ọfiisi, tabi nẹtiwọọki ile ounjẹ. Ni ifiwera, WAN kan (Nẹtiwọọki Agbegbe jakejado) tan agbegbe agbegbe agbegbe nla kan. WAN lo julọ lati sopọ ọpọlọpọ awọn aaye bii awọn ile ọfiisi ni awọn oriṣiriṣi awọn ipo.
Nkan yii jẹ Apá 4 ti awọn aṣẹ nẹtiwọọki gbogbogbo ati bii anfani ti wọn le jẹ ninu laasigbotitusita awọn ọran isopọmọ.
1. hostname Commandfin
Aṣẹ orukọ olupinle ṣe afihan orukọ olupin ti eto Lainos kan. Eyi ni igbagbogbo ṣeto tabi tunto lakoko fifi sori ẹrọ. Lati ṣayẹwo orukọ olupin, ṣiṣe aṣẹ:
$ hostname tecmint
2. ping Commandfin
Kukuru fun olutọpa intanẹẹti apo, aṣẹ ping ni a lo lati ṣayẹwo isopọmọ laarin awọn ọna ẹrọ 2 tabi awọn olupin. O firanṣẹ ibeere iwoyi ICMP si agbalejo latọna jijin ati duro de esi. Ti olugbalejo ba wa ni oke, ibeere iwoyi bounces kuro ni alejo latọna jijin ati pe a firanṣẹ pada si orisun ti o sọ fun olumulo pe alejo gbalejo tabi wa.
Aṣẹ pingi gba sintasi ti o han.
$ ping options IP address
Fun apẹẹrẹ lati ping ọmọ ogun ni nẹtiwọọki agbegbe agbegbe mi pẹlu IP ti 192.168.2.103, Emi yoo ṣiṣe aṣẹ naa:
$ ping 192.168.2.103 PING 192.168.0.123 (192.168.0.123) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.043 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.063 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.061 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.062 ms
Aṣẹ ping tẹsiwaju fifiranṣẹ apo-iwe pingi ICMP titi iwọ o fi da a duro nipa titẹ Ctrl + C lori keyboard. Sibẹsibẹ, o le ṣe idinwo awọn apo-iwe ti a firanṣẹ nipa lilo aṣayan -c .
Ninu apẹẹrẹ ni isalẹ, a n firanṣẹ awọn apo-iwe ibeere iwoyi 5, ati ni kete ti o ti ṣe, aṣẹ ping duro.
$ ping 192.168.2.103 -c 5 PING 192.168.0.123 (192.168.0.123) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.066 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.056 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.2.103: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.066 ms --- 192.168.2.103 ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4088ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.044/0.056/0.066/0.008 ms
Ni afikun, o tun le ping orukọ ìkápá ti ogun tabi olupin kan. Fun apẹẹrẹ, o le pingi Google bi o ṣe han.
$ ping google.com PING google.com (142.250.183.78) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=2.86 ms 64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=3.35 ms 64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=2.70 ms 64 bytes from bom12s12-in-f14.1e100.net (142.250.183.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=3.12 ms ...
Pẹlupẹlu, o le ping DNS naa. Fun apẹẹrẹ, o le pingi adirẹsi Google ti o jẹ 8.8.8.8.
$ ping 8.8.8.8 -c 5 PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=118 time=3.24 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=118 time=3.32 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=3 ttl=118 time=3.40 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=4 ttl=118 time=3.30 ms 64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=5 ttl=118 time=2.92 ms --- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4005ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.924/3.237/3.401/0.164 ms
Idanwo pingi ti o kuna ti tọka si ọkan ninu atẹle:
- Alejo kan ti o wa ni aisinipo.
- Ikuna nẹtiwọọki gbogbogbo.
- Iwaju ogiriina ti n dena awọn ibeere ICMP.
3. traceroute Commandfin
Aṣẹ traceroute ṣe afihan ipa-ọna ti apo-iwe pingi ICMP gba lati inu ẹrọ rẹ si alejo tabi olupin olupin ti o nlo. O ṣe afihan awọn adirẹsi IP ti awọn ẹrọ ti apo-iwe naa la kọja ṣaaju ki o to de ibi jijin latọna jijin.
Ni laini 2 iṣẹjade nfihan ami ami akiyesi * ni irin-ajo yika. Eyi jẹ itọka pe a ti pa apo-iwe naa ko si gba esi kankan. Eyi fihan pe apo-iwe ping ti lọ silẹ nipasẹ olulana, ati pe eyi le jẹ fun awọn idi pupọ bii rirọpo nẹtiwọọki.
Aṣẹ Traceroute jẹ aṣẹ aisan itutu ti o le lo lati ṣe iṣoro nẹtiwọọki nibiti aṣẹ pingi fun ọ ni awọn abajade ti o kuna. O fihan ẹrọ ti eyiti a fi awọn apo-iwe silẹ.
$ traceroute google.com
4. mtr Commandfin
Aṣẹ mtr (traceoute mi) daapọ awọn iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti ping ati aṣẹ traceroute. O ṣe afihan ogun ti awọn iṣiro pẹlu olugbalejo ti apo-iwe kọọkan kọja nipasẹ, ati awọn akoko idahun fun gbogbo awọn hops nẹtiwọọki.
$ mtr google.com
5. ifconfig Commandfin
Aṣẹ ifconfig ṣe atokọ awọn atọkun nẹtiwọọki ti a sopọ mọ PC pẹlu awọn iṣiro miiran gẹgẹbi awọn adirẹsi IP ti o ni nkan ṣe pẹlu wiwo kọọkan, boju-boju subnet, ati MTU lati mẹnuba diẹ diẹ.
$ ifconfig
Opo paramita inet fihan adiresi IPv4 ti wiwo nẹtiwọọki lakoko inet6 tọka si adiresi IPv6 naa. O le wo awọn alaye ti wiwo kan ṣoṣo nipa sisọ wiwo naa bi o ṣe han:
$ ifconfig enp0s3
6. IP Commandfin
Ọna miiran ti o le wo awọn iṣiro wiwo jẹ lilo aṣẹ adirẹsi ip bi a ti han.
$ ip address
7. ip ipa Commandfin
Awọn aṣẹ ipa-ọna ip tẹ jade tabili afisona ti PC rẹ.
$ ip route OR $ ip route show
8. ma wà Command
IwUlO iwo (kukuru fun Alaye Alaye Groper) jẹ ọpa laini aṣẹ fun ṣiṣewadii awọn orukọ olupin DNS. O gba orukọ ìkápá kan bi ariyanjiyan ati ṣafihan alaye gẹgẹbi adirẹsi alejo, Igbasilẹ kan, MX (awọn paṣipaaro ifiweranṣẹ) igbasilẹ, awọn olupin orukọ, ati bẹbẹ lọ
Ni ṣoki, aṣẹ iwo ni iwulo wiwa DNS ati pe a lo julọ nipasẹ awọn alabojuto eto fun laasigbotitusita DNS.
$ dig ubuntu.com
9. nslookup Commandfin
IwUlO nslookup tun jẹ irinṣẹ laini aṣẹ-miiran miiran ti a lo fun ṣiṣe awọn wiwa DNS ni ifigagbaga lati gba awọn orukọ ìkápá ati awọn igbasilẹ A pada.
$ nslookup ubuntu.com
10. netstat Commandfin
Aṣẹ netstat tẹ jade awọn iṣiro wiwo nẹtiwọọki. O le ṣe afihan tabili afisona, awọn ibudo ti ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣẹ n tẹtisi lori, awọn asopọ TCP ati UDP, PID, ati UID.
Lati ṣe afihan awọn atọkun nẹtiwọọki ti a sopọ mọ PC rẹ, ṣiṣẹ:
$ netstat -i Kernel Interface table Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg enp1s0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU lo 65536 4583 0 0 0 4583 0 0 0 LRU wlp2s0 1500 179907 0 0 0 137273 0 0 0 BMRU
Lati ṣayẹwo tabili afisona, lo aṣayan -r bi o ti han.
$ netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface default _gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlp2s0 link-local 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 wlp2s0 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlp2s0
Lati ṣayẹwo awọn isopọ TCP ti nṣiṣe lọwọ pe aṣẹ naa:
$ netstat -ant
11. ss Commandfin
Aṣẹ ss jẹ irinṣẹ nẹtiwọọki eyiti o lo lati da awọn iṣiro iho silẹ ati fihan awọn iṣiro nẹtiwọọki eto ni ọna kanna si aṣẹ netstat Aṣẹ ss yarayara ju netstat ati ṣafihan alaye diẹ sii nipa TCP ati awọn iṣiro nẹtiwọọki ju netstat.
$ ss #list al connections $ ss -l #display listening sockets $ ss -t #display all TCP connection
Iyẹn jẹ iwoye ti awọn aṣẹ nẹtiwọọki ipilẹ ti yoo jẹri iwulo paapaa nigbati o ba n ṣatunṣe awọn ọran nẹtiwọọki kekere ni ile rẹ tabi agbegbe ọfiisi. Fun wọn ni igbiyanju lati igba de igba lati pọn awọn ogbon laasigbotitusita nẹtiwọọki rẹ.