Bii o ṣe le Wa Akojọ ti Gbogbo Awọn Ibudo Ṣiṣii ni Lainos
Ninu nkan yii, a yoo sọrọ ni ṣoki nipa awọn ibudo ni nẹtiwọọki nẹtiwọọki ati gbe si bi o ṣe le ṣe atokọ gbogbo awọn ibudo ṣiṣi ni Linux.
Ninu nẹtiwọọki kọnputa, ati diẹ sii ni pato ninu awọn ọrọ sọfitiwia, ibudo jẹ nkan ti o ni oye eyiti o ṣe bi opin aaye ibaraẹnisọrọ lati ṣe idanimọ ohun elo ti a fun tabi ilana lori ẹrọ ṣiṣe Linux. O jẹ nọmba 16-bit (0 si 65535) eyiti o ṣe iyatọ ohun elo kan lati ekeji lori awọn eto ipari.
Awọn ilana irinna Intanẹẹti meji ti o gbajumọ julọ, Ilana Iṣakoso Gbigbe (TCP) ati Protocol Olumulo Datagram (UDP) ati awọn ilana ilana ti a ko mọ diẹ lo awọn nọmba ibudo fun awọn akoko ibaraẹnisọrọ (orisun ati awọn nọmba ibudo ibudo ni apapo pẹlu orisun ati adirẹsi awọn adirẹsi IP).
Ni afikun, idapọ adirẹsi IP kan, ibudo ati ilana bii TCP/UDP ni a mọ bi iho, ati pe gbogbo iṣẹ gbọdọ ni iho alailẹgbẹ.
Ni isalẹ ni awọn isọri oriṣiriṣi ti awọn ibudo:
- 0-1023 - Awọn Ibudo Ti O mọ Daradara, tun tọka si bi Awọn Ibudo Eto.
- 1024-49151 - Awọn Ibudo ti a forukọsilẹ, ti a tun mọ ni Awọn Ibudo Olumulo.
- 49152-65535 - Awọn Ibudo Dynamic, tun tọka si bi Awọn Ibudo Aladani.
O le wo atokọ ti awọn ohun elo ọtọtọ ati ibudo/isopọpọ ilana ni /ati be be lo/awọn iṣẹ faili ni Linux nipa lilo pipaṣẹ ologbo:
$ cat /etc/services OR $ cat /etc/services | less
# /etc/services: # $Id: services,v 1.48 2009/11/11 14:32:31 ovasik Exp $ # # Network services, Internet style # IANA services version: last updated 2009-11-10 # # Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single well-known # port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries here have two entries # even if the protocol doesn't support UDP operations. # Updated from RFC 1700, ``Assigned Numbers'' (October 1994). Not all ports # are included, only the more common ones. # # The latest IANA port assignments can be gotten from # http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers # The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023. # The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151 # The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152 through 65535 # # Each line describes one service, and is of the form: # # service-name port/protocol [aliases ...] [# comment] tcpmux 1/tcp # TCP port service multiplexer tcpmux 1/udp # TCP port service multiplexer rje 5/tcp # Remote Job Entry rje 5/udp # Remote Job Entry echo 7/tcp echo 7/udp discard 9/tcp sink null discard 9/udp sink null systat 11/tcp users systat 11/udp users daytime 13/tcp daytime 13/udp qotd 17/tcp quote qotd 17/udp quote msp 18/tcp # message send protocol msp 18/udp # message send protocol chargen 19/tcp ttytst source chargen 19/udp ttytst source ftp-data 20/tcp ftp-data 20/udp # 21 is registered to ftp, but also used by fsp ftp 21/tcp ftp 21/udp fsp fspd ssh 22/tcp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol ssh 22/udp # The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol telnet 23/tcp telnet 23/udp
Lati ṣe atokọ gbogbo awọn ibudo ṣiṣi tabi awọn ibudo ṣiṣiṣẹ lọwọlọwọ pẹlu TCP ati UDP ni Lainos, a yoo lo netstat, jẹ ohun elo ti o lagbara fun ibojuwo awọn isopọ nẹtiwọọki ati awọn iṣiro.
$ netstat -lntu Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN tcp 0 0 :::25 :::* LISTEN udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:*
Nibo,
-
-l- awọn atẹjade tẹtisi nikan tẹ jade -
-n- n fihan nọmba ibudo ibudo -
-t- jẹ ki atokọ ti awọn ebute oko tcp -
-u- jẹ ki atokọ ti awọn ibudo udp
O tun le lo pipaṣẹ ss, iwulo iwulo ti o mọ daradara fun ayẹwo awọn iho ninu eto Lainos kan. Ṣiṣe aṣẹ ti o wa ni isalẹ lati ṣe atokọ gbogbo ṣiṣi TCP rẹ ati awọn ibudo UCP:
$ ss -lntu Netid State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port udp UNCONN 0 0 *:68 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 50 *:3306 *:* tcp LISTEN 0 128 :::80 ::* tcp LISTEN 0 100 :::25 :::* tcp LISTEN 0 100 *:25
Jẹ ki o jẹ aaye lati ka nipasẹ awọn oju-iwe eniyan ti awọn ofin loke fun alaye lilo diẹ sii.
Ni akojọpọ, agbọye imọran ti awọn ibudo ni nẹtiwọọki kọnputa jẹ pataki pupọ fun eto ati awọn alaṣẹ nẹtiwọọki. O tun le lọ nipasẹ itọsọna netstat yii pẹlu awọn apẹẹrẹ ti o rọrun, deede ati alaye daradara.
Ni ikẹhin ṣugbọn ko kere ju, ni ifọwọkan pẹlu wa nipa pinpin awọn ọna miiran fun atokọ akojọ awọn ibudo ṣiṣi ni Linux tabi beere ibeere kan nipasẹ fọọmu idahun ni isalẹ.