Alaye ti “Ohun gbogbo jẹ Faili kan” ati Awọn oriṣi Awọn faili ni Lainos
Ti o ba jẹ tuntun si Linux, tabi ti lo o fun awọn oṣu diẹ, lẹhinna o gbọdọ ti gbọ tabi ka awọn alaye bii\"Ni Linux, ohun gbogbo jẹ Faili kan".
Iyẹn jẹ otitọ otitọ botilẹjẹpe o kan jẹ imọran apapọ, ni Unix ati awọn itọsẹ rẹ bii Lainos, ohun gbogbo ni a gba bi faili kan. Ti nkan kan kii ba ṣe faili, lẹhinna o gbọdọ wa ni ṣiṣe bi ilana lori eto naa.
Lati ni oye eyi, ya fun apẹẹrẹ iye aaye lori gbongbo rẹ (/) itọsọna nigbagbogbo jẹ nipasẹ awọn oriṣiriṣi awọn faili Linux. Nigbati o ba ṣẹda faili kan tabi gbe faili si eto rẹ, o wa ni aaye diẹ lori disiki ti ara ati pe a ṣe akiyesi pe o wa ni ọna kika kan (iru faili).
Ati pe eto Lainos ko ṣe iyatọ laarin awọn faili ati awọn ilana, ṣugbọn awọn ilana ṣe iṣẹ pataki kan, ti o tọju awọn faili miiran ni awọn ẹgbẹ ni ipo giga fun ipo irọrun. Gbogbo awọn paati ohun elo rẹ ni aṣoju bi awọn faili ati pe eto naa ba wọn sọrọ nipa lilo awọn faili wọnyi.
Ero naa jẹ apejuwe pataki ti ohun-ini nla ti Lainos, nibiti awọn ohun elo ti n wọle/jade gẹgẹbi awọn iwe rẹ, awọn ilana (awọn folda ninu Mac OS X ati Windows), keyboard, atẹle, awọn awakọ lile, media yiyọ, awọn atẹwe, awọn modẹmu, foju awọn ebute ati ilana-kariaye tun ati ibaraẹnisọrọ nẹtiwọọki jẹ awọn ṣiṣan ti awọn baiti ti a ṣalaye nipasẹ aaye eto faili.
Anfani ti o ṣe akiyesi ti ohun gbogbo ti o jẹ faili ni pe ṣeto kanna ti awọn irinṣẹ Linux, awọn ohun elo ati awọn API le ṣee lo lori awọn orisun titẹsi/ohun elo ti o wa loke.
Botilẹjẹpe ohun gbogbo ti o wa ni Linux jẹ faili kan, awọn faili pataki kan wa ti o ju faili nikan lọ fun apẹẹrẹ awọn iho ati awọn paipu ti a darukọ.
Kini awọn oriṣiriṣi awọn faili ni Linux?
Ni Lainos awọn ipilẹ awọn faili mẹta lo wa:
- Arinrin/Awọn faili deede
- Awọn faili pataki
- Awọn ilana
Iwọnyi jẹ data awọn faili ni ọrọ, data tabi awọn itọnisọna eto ati pe wọn jẹ iru awọn faili ti o wọpọ julọ ti o le nireti lati wa lori eto Linux kan ati pe wọn pẹlu:
- Awọn faili to ṣee ṣe
- Awọn faili alakomeji
- Awọn faili aworan
- Awọn faili fisinuirindigbindigbin ati bẹbẹ lọ.
Awọn faili pataki pẹlu awọn atẹle:
Awọn faili Dina: Iwọnyi jẹ awọn faili ẹrọ ti o pese iraye si awọn irinše ẹrọ eto. Wọn pese ọna ibaraẹnisọrọ pẹlu awọn awakọ ẹrọ nipasẹ eto faili.
Apa pataki kan nipa awọn faili idena ni pe wọn le gbe iwe nla ti data ati alaye ni akoko ti a fifun.
Kikojọ awọn apo-iwe awọn bulọọki inu itọsọna kan:
# ls -l /dev | grep "^b"
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 0 May 18 10:26 loop0 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 1 May 18 10:26 loop1 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 2 May 18 10:26 loop2 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 3 May 18 10:26 loop3 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 4 May 18 10:26 loop4 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 5 May 18 10:26 loop5 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 6 May 18 10:26 loop6 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 7, 7 May 18 10:26 loop7 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 0 May 18 10:26 ram0 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 1 May 18 10:26 ram1 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 10 May 18 10:26 ram10 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 11 May 18 10:26 ram11 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 12 May 18 10:26 ram12 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 13 May 18 10:26 ram13 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 14 May 18 10:26 ram14 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 15 May 18 10:26 ram15 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 2 May 18 10:26 ram2 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 3 May 18 10:26 ram3 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 4 May 18 10:26 ram4 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 5 May 18 10:26 ram5 ...
Awọn faili ihuwasi: Iwọnyi tun jẹ awọn faili ẹrọ ti o pese iraye si tẹlentẹle ti ko ni ida si awọn paati ohun elo eto. Wọn ṣiṣẹ nipa pipese ọna ibaraẹnisọrọ pẹlu awọn ẹrọ nipa gbigbe data ohun kikọ kan ni akoko kan.
Atokọ awọn faili ohun kikọ silẹ ninu itọsọna kan:
# ls -l /dev | grep "^c"
crw------- 1 root root 10, 235 May 18 15:54 autofs crw------- 1 root root 10, 234 May 18 15:54 btrfs-control crw------- 1 root root 5, 1 May 18 10:26 console crw------- 1 root root 10, 60 May 18 10:26 cpu_dma_latency crw------- 1 root root 10, 203 May 18 15:54 cuse crw------- 1 root root 10, 61 May 18 10:26 ecryptfs crw-rw---- 1 root video 29, 0 May 18 10:26 fb0 crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 7 May 18 10:26 full crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 229 May 18 10:26 fuse crw------- 1 root root 251, 0 May 18 10:27 hidraw0 crw------- 1 root root 10, 228 May 18 10:26 hpet crw-r--r-- 1 root root 1, 11 May 18 10:26 kmsg crw-rw----+ 1 root root 10, 232 May 18 10:26 kvm crw------- 1 root root 10, 237 May 18 10:26 loop-control crw------- 1 root root 10, 227 May 18 10:26 mcelog crw------- 1 root root 249, 0 May 18 10:27 media0 crw------- 1 root root 250, 0 May 18 10:26 mei0 crw-r----- 1 root kmem 1, 1 May 18 10:26 mem crw------- 1 root root 10, 57 May 18 10:26 memory_bandwidth crw------- 1 root root 10, 59 May 18 10:26 network_latency crw------- 1 root root 10, 58 May 18 10:26 network_throughput crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 May 18 10:26 null crw-r----- 1 root kmem 1, 4 May 18 10:26 port crw------- 1 root root 108, 0 May 18 10:26 ppp crw------- 1 root root 10, 1 May 18 10:26 psaux crw-rw-rw- 1 root tty 5, 2 May 18 17:40 ptmx crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 8 May 18 10:26 random
Awọn faili ọna asopọ aami: Ọna asopọ aami jẹ itọka si faili miiran lori eto naa. Nitorinaa, awọn faili ọna asopọ aami jẹ awọn faili ti o tọka si awọn faili miiran, ati pe wọn le jẹ awọn ilana tabi awọn faili deede.
Ni atokọ awọn soketti ọna asopọ aami ninu itọsọna kan:
# ls -l /dev/ | grep "^l"
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 May 18 10:26 cdrom -> sr0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 May 18 15:54 core -> /proc/kcore lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 May 18 15:54 fd -> /proc/self/fd lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 May 18 10:26 rtc -> rtc0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 May 18 10:26 shm -> /run/shm lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 May 18 15:54 stderr -> /proc/self/fd/2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 May 18 15:54 stdin -> /proc/self/fd/0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 May 18 15:54 stdout -> /proc/self/fd/1
O le ṣe awọn ọna asopọ ami apẹẹrẹ lilo lilo ln ni Linux bi ninu apẹẹrẹ ni isalẹ.
# touch file1.txt # ln -s file1.txt /home/tecmint/file1.txt [create symbolic link] # ls -l /home/tecmint/ | grep "^l" [List symbolic links]
Ninu apẹẹrẹ ti o wa loke, Mo ṣẹda faili kan ti a pe ni file1.txt in/tmp directory, lẹhinna ṣẹda ọna asopọ aami, /home/tecmint/file1.txt lati tọka si /tmp/file1.txt.
Awọn ọpa oniho tabi awọn oniho ti a darukọ: Iwọnyi jẹ awọn faili ti o gba laaye ibaraẹnisọrọ laarin ilana nipasẹ sisopọ iṣẹjade ilana kan si kikọsilẹ ti omiiran.
Pipe ti a npè ni kosi faili ti o lo nipasẹ ilana meji lati ṣe ibaraẹnisọrọ pẹlu ọkọọkan ati pe o ṣe bi paipu Linux kan.
Awọn ihò atokọ atokọ ni atokọ kan:
# ls -l | grep "^p"
prw-rw-r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 0 May 18 17:47 pipe1 prw-rw-r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 0 May 18 17:47 pipe2 prw-rw-r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 0 May 18 17:47 pipe3 prw-rw-r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 0 May 18 17:47 pipe4 prw-rw-r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 0 May 18 17:47 pipe5
O le lo ohun elo mkfifo lati ṣẹda paipu ti o lorukọ ni Linux bi atẹle.
# mkfifo pipe1 # echo "This is named pipe1" > pipe1
Ninu apẹẹrẹ ti o wa loke, Mo ṣẹda paipu ti a npè ni ti a npè ni pipe1 , lẹhinna Mo fi data diẹ si i nipa lilo pipaṣẹ iwoyi, lẹhin eyi ikarahun naa di alaini ibanisọrọ lakoko ti n ṣiṣẹ titẹ sii.
Lẹhinna Mo ṣii ikarahun miiran ati ṣiṣe aṣẹ miiran lati tẹjade ohun ti o kọja si paipu.
# while read line ;do echo "This was passed-'$line' "; done<pipe1
Awọn faili Socket: Iwọnyi jẹ awọn faili ti o pese ọna ti ibaraẹnisọrọ kariaye, ṣugbọn wọn le gbe data ati alaye laarin ilana ṣiṣe lori awọn agbegbe oriṣiriṣi.
Eyi tumọ si pe awọn iho pese data ati gbigbe alaye laarin ilana ti n ṣiṣẹ lori awọn ero oriṣiriṣi lori nẹtiwọọki kan.
Apẹẹrẹ lati fihan iṣẹ ti awọn ibadi yoo jẹ aṣawakiri wẹẹbu ti n ṣe asopọ si olupin ayelujara kan.
# ls -l /dev/ | grep "^s"
srw-rw-rw- 1 root root 0 May 18 10:26 log
Eyi jẹ apẹẹrẹ ti iho ti o ṣẹda ni C nipa lilo ọna ẹrọ iho() .
int socket_desc= socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0 );
Ninu eyi ti o wa loke:
-
AF_INETni idile adirẹsi (IPv4) -
SOCK_STREAMni iru (asopọ jẹ ilana Ilana TCP) -
0ni ilana (Ilana IP)
Lati tọka si faili iho, lo socket_desc , eyiti o jẹ kanna bi apejuwe faili, ati lo kika() ati kọ() awọn ipe eto lati ka ati kọ lati iho lẹsẹsẹ.
Iwọnyi jẹ awọn faili pataki ti o tọju awọn arinrin ati awọn faili pataki miiran ati pe wọn ṣeto lori eto faili Linux ni ipo giga ti o bẹrẹ lati gbongbo (/) .
Awọn iho atokọ ninu itọsọna kan:
# ls -l / | grep "^d"
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 5 15:49 bin drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 May 5 15:58 boot drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 11 2015 cdrom drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 4400 May 18 10:27 dev drwxr-xr-x 168 root root 12288 May 18 10:28 etc drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 11 2015 home drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 May 5 15:44 lib drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 5 15:44 lib64 drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Apr 11 2015 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 10 2015 media drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 23 17:54 mnt drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 4096 Apr 30 16:01 opt dr-xr-xr-x 223 root root 0 May 18 15:54 proc drwx------ 19 root root 4096 Apr 9 11:12 root drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 920 May 18 10:54 run drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 May 5 15:57 sbin drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Dec 1 2014 srv dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 May 18 15:54 sys drwxrwxrwt 13 root root 4096 May 18 17:55 tmp drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Mar 31 16:00 usr drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4096 Nov 12 2015 var
O le ṣe itọsọna nipa lilo aṣẹ mkdir.
# mkdir -m 1666 linux-console.net # mkdir -m 1666 news.linux-console.net # mkdir -m 1775 linuxsay.com
Akopọ
O yẹ ki o ni oye oye ti idi ti ohun gbogbo ninu Lainos jẹ faili ati awọn oriṣiriṣi awọn faili ti o le jade lori ẹrọ Linux rẹ.
O le ṣafikun diẹ si eyi nipa kika diẹ sii nipa awọn iru faili kọọkan ti wọn ṣẹda. Mo nireti pe eyi rii itọsọna yii wulo ati fun eyikeyi ibeere ati alaye afikun ti iwọ yoo nifẹ lati pin, jọwọ fi asọye silẹ ati pe awa yoo jiroro diẹ sii.