Kọ ẹkọ Kini idi ti o yara to Yara ju Pupo lọ fun lilọ kiri Oluṣakoso to munadoko

Diẹ sii jẹ laini aṣẹ * nix ti a lo lati ṣe afihan awọn akoonu ti faili kan ninu itọnisọna kan. Lilo ipilẹ ti aṣẹ diẹ sii ni lati ṣiṣe aṣẹ si faili kan bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ:

Kọ ẹkọ Linux 'diẹ sii' pipaṣẹ

# more /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 11:55:02 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:05:02 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
....

Ọna miiran lati lo aṣẹ diẹ sii ni apapo (pipe) pẹlu awọn ofin miiran, gẹgẹ bi aṣẹ ologbo, bi a ti gbekalẹ lori apẹẹrẹ isalẹ:

# cat /var/log/auth.log | more

Lati le lọ kiri nipasẹ laini faili nipasẹ laini tẹ Tẹ bọtini tabi tẹ Spacebar bọtini lati lilö kiri ni oju-iwe kan ni akoko kan, oju-iwe naa jẹ iwọn iboju lọwọlọwọ ebute rẹ. Lati jade kuro ni aṣẹ kan tẹ bọtini q .

Aṣayan iwulo ti aṣẹ diẹ sii ni iyipada -nuku eyiti ngbanilaaye lati ṣeto nọmba laini ti oju-iwe kan yẹ ki o ni. Gẹgẹbi apẹẹrẹ ṣe afihan faili auth.log bi oju-iwe ti awọn ila 10 :

# more -10 /var/log/auth.log

Pẹlupẹlu, o le ṣe afihan oju-iwe kan ti o bẹrẹ lati nọmba laini kan pato nipa lilo aṣayan + nọmba bi a ṣe ṣalaye ni isalẹ:

# more +14 /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:16:01 tecmint mate-screensaver-dialog: gkr-pam: unlocked login keyring
Apr 12 12:17:01 tecmint CRON[7793]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:17:01 tecmint CRON[7793]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:20:01 tecmint CRON[7905]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:20:01 tecmint CRON[7905]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:25:01 tecmint CRON[8107]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:25:01 tecmint CRON[8108]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (

Kọ ẹkọ Linux 'kere si'

Bii iru diẹ sii, aṣẹ ti o kere ju gba ọ laaye lati wo awọn akoonu ti faili kan ati lilö kiri nipasẹ faili. Iyatọ akọkọ laarin diẹ ati kere si ni pe aṣẹ ti o kere ju ni yiyara nitori ko kojọpọ gbogbo faili ni ẹẹkan ati gba aaye lilọ kiri botilẹjẹpe faili nipa lilo awọn bọtini oke/isalẹ iwe.

In le ṣee lo bi aṣẹ adaduro ti a gbekalẹ si faili kan tabi lo pẹlu awọn paipu pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn aṣẹ Lainos lati le dinku iṣẹjade iboju wọn ti o fun ọ laaye lati yi lọ nipasẹ awọn abajade.

# less /var/log/auth.log
# ls /etc | less

O le lilö kiri nipasẹ laini faili nipasẹ titẹ laini Tẹ bọtini. O le ṣe lilö kiri lori lilọ kiri pẹlu bọtini bọtini spaceba r. Iwọn oju-iwe naa jẹ aṣoju nipasẹ iwọn iboju lọwọlọwọ ebute rẹ. Lati jade iru iru aṣẹ q bọtini, ni ọna kanna bi fun aṣẹ diẹ sii.

Ẹya ti o wulo ti aṣẹ ti o kere si ni lilo ti/ọrọ-si-seach aṣayan. Fun apeere o le wa ki o baamu gbogbo awọn ifiranṣẹ sshd lati faili akọọlẹ kan nipa sisọ asọye ibanisọrọ okun /sshd .

Lati le ṣe afihan faili kan ti n woju ni nọmba laini kan pato lo sintasi atẹle:

# less +5 /var/log/auth.log

Ti o ba nilo lati tọpinpin nọmba ti gbogbo ila pẹlu aṣẹ ti o kere si lo aṣayan -N .

# less -N /var/log/daemon.log

      1 Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      2 Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      3 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      4 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      5 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      6 Apr 12 11:55:02 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      7 Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      8 Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      9 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
     10 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
     11 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root

Nipa aiyipada ọna kan ṣoṣo lati jade kuro ni aṣẹ to kere ju ni lati lu bọtini q . Lati yi ihuwasi yii pada ki o jade faili laifọwọyi nigbati o ba de opin faili naa lo aṣayan -e tabi -E aṣayan:

# less -e /var/log/auth.log
# less -E /var/log/auth.log

Lati ṣii faili kan ni iṣẹlẹ akọkọ ti apẹẹrẹ kan lo sintasi atẹle:

# less +/sshd /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint sshd[16666]: Accepted password for tecmint from 192.168.0.15 port 41634 ssh2
Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint sshd[16666]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user tecmint by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint systemd-logind[954]: New session 1 of user tecmint.
Apr 12 16:19:48 tecmint sshd[16728]: Received disconnect from 192.168.0.15: 11: disconnected by user
Apr 12 16:19:48 tecmint sshd[16666]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user tecmint
Apr 12 16:20:01 tecmint CRON[16799]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:20:02 tecmint CRON[16799]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 16:25:01 tecmint CRON[17026]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:25:01 tecmint CRON[17025]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)

Ofin ti o wa loke sọ kere si lati ṣii faili auth.log ni ibaramu akọkọ ti sshd okun.

Lati le ṣe afikun akoonu ti faili kan ti o ṣii ni aṣẹ ti o kere si lo awọn bọtini Shift + f apapo tabi ṣiṣe kere pẹlu sintasi atẹle.

# less +F /var/log/syslog

Eyi jẹ ki o dinku lati ṣiṣẹ ni ipo ibaraenisọrọ (igbesi aye) ati ṣafihan akoonu tuntun lori-fly lakoko ti o nduro lati kọ data tuntun si faili. Ihuwasi yii jọra si iru -f aṣẹ.

Ni apapo pẹlu apẹrẹ kan o le wo faili log ni ibanisọrọ pẹlu Shift + f ọpọlọ bọtini lakoko ti o baamu ọrọ koko kan. Lati jade kuro ni ipo laaye kan tẹ awọn bọtini Ctrl + c .

# less +/CRON /var/log/syslog

Boya o pinnu lati lo diẹ sii tabi kere si, eyiti o jẹ ipinnu ti ara ẹni, ranti pe kere si jẹ diẹ sii pẹlu awọn ẹya diẹ sii.