10 Awọn ofin to wulo lati Gba Eto ati Alaye Ẹrọ ni Linux


O jẹ iṣe ti o dara nigbagbogbo lati mọ awọn paati ohun elo ti eto Lainos rẹ ti n ṣiṣẹ, eyi ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati ba awọn ọran ibamu nigbati o ba de fifi awọn idii sii, awọn awakọ lori eto rẹ.

Nitorinaa ninu awọn ofin iwulo wọnyi ti o le ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati fa alaye jade nipa eto Lainos rẹ ati awọn paati ohun elo.

1. Bii o ṣe le Wo Alaye Eto Lainos

Lati mọ orukọ eto nikan, o le lo aṣẹ uname laisi eyikeyi iyipada yoo tẹ alaye eto tabi aṣẹ uname -s yoo tẹ orukọ ekuro ti eto rẹ.

[email  ~ $ uname

Linux

Lati wo orukọ olupinle nẹtiwọọki rẹ, lo iyipada ‘-n’ pẹlu aṣẹ uname bi o ti han.

[email  ~ $ uname -n

linux-console.net

Lati gba alaye nipa ẹya ekuro, lo ‘-v’ yipada.

[email  ~ $ uname -v

#64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014

Lati gba alaye nipa itusilẹ ekuro rẹ, lo iyipada ‘-r’.

[email  ~ $ uname -r

3.13.0-37-generic

Lati tẹ orukọ ẹrọ ohun elo ẹrọ rẹ, lo iyipada ‘-m’:

[email  ~ $ uname -m

x86_64

Gbogbo alaye yii ni a le tẹ ni ẹẹkan nipa ṣiṣe pipaṣẹ 'uname -a' bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ.

[email  ~ $ uname -a

Linux linux-console.net 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

2. Bii o ṣe le wo Alaye Ohun elo Ohun elo Linux

Nibi o le lo ohun elo lshw lati ṣajọ alaye ti o tobi nipa awọn paati ohun elo rẹ bii cpu, awọn disiki, iranti, awọn olutona USB ati bẹbẹ lọ.

lshw jẹ ọpa kekere ti o jo ati pe awọn aṣayan diẹ wa ti o le lo pẹlu rẹ lakoko yiyọ alaye jade. Alaye ti a pese nipasẹ lshw jọjọ oriṣiriṣi/awọn faili proc.

Akiyesi: Ranti pe aṣẹ lshw ti a ṣe nipasẹ superuser (gbongbo) tabi olumulo sudo.

Lati tẹjade alaye nipa ohun elo eto Linux rẹ, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii.

[email  ~ $ sudo lshw

linux-console.net               
    description: Notebook
    product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
    vendor: LENOVO
    version: Lenovo Z50-70
    serial: 1037407803441
    width: 64 bits
    capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
    configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
  *-core
       description: Motherboard
       product: Lancer 5A5
       vendor: LENOVO
       physical id: 0
       version: 31900059WIN
       serial: YB06377069
       slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location
     *-firmware
          description: BIOS
          vendor: LENOVO
          physical id: 0
          version: 9BCN26WW
          date: 07/31/2014
          size: 128KiB
          capacity: 4032KiB
          capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int13floppynec int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi
......

O le tẹjade akopọ ti alaye ohun elo rẹ nipa lilo aṣayan -kukuru.

[email  ~ $ sudo lshw -short

H/W path       Device      Class          Description
=====================================================
                           system         20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
/0                         bus            Lancer 5A5
/0/0                       memory         128KiB BIOS
/0/4                       processor      Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U CPU @ 1.70GHz
/0/4/b                     memory         32KiB L1 cache
/0/4/c                     memory         256KiB L2 cache
/0/4/d                     memory         3MiB L3 cache
/0/a                       memory         32KiB L1 cache
/0/12                      memory         8GiB System Memory
/0/12/0                    memory         DIMM [empty]
/0/12/1                    memory         DIMM [empty]
/0/12/2                    memory         8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
/0/12/3                    memory         DIMM [empty]
/0/100                     bridge         Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
/0/100/2                   display        Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller
/0/100/3                   multimedia     Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
...

Ti o ba fẹ ṣe agbejade iṣẹjade bi faili html, o le lo aṣayan -html.

[email  ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html

3. Bii o ṣe le Wo Alaye Sipiyu Sipiyu

Lati wo alaye nipa Sipiyu rẹ, lo pipaṣẹ lscpu bi o ṣe fihan alaye nipa faaji Sipiyu rẹ gẹgẹbi nọmba ti Sipiyu, awọn ohun kohun, awoṣe ẹbi Sipiyu, awọn kaṣe CPU, awọn okun, ati be be lo lati sysfs ati/proc/cpuinfo.

[email  ~ $ lscpu

Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                4
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-3
Thread(s) per core:    2
Core(s) per socket:    2
Socket(s):             1
NUMA node(s):          1
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 69
Stepping:              1
CPU MHz:               768.000
BogoMIPS:              4788.72
Virtualization:        VT-x
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              3072K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0-3

4. Bii o ṣe le Gba Alaye Ẹrọ Ohun amorindun Linux

Awọn ẹrọ Àkọsílẹ jẹ awọn ẹrọ ipamọ gẹgẹbi awọn disiki lile, awọn awakọ filasi ati bẹbẹ lọ lsblk pipaṣẹ ni a lo lati ṣe ijabọ alaye nipa awọn ẹrọ bulọọki bi atẹle.

[email  ~ $ lsblk

NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda       8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk 
├─sda1    8:1    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda2    8:2    0   260M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda3    8:3    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda4    8:4    0   128M  0 part 
├─sda5    8:5    0 557.1G  0 part 
├─sda6    8:6    0    25G  0 part 
├─sda7    8:7    0  14.7G  0 part 
├─sda8    8:8    0     1M  0 part 
├─sda9    8:9    0 324.5G  0 part /
└─sda10   8:10   0   7.9G  0 part [SWAP]
sr0      11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  

Ti o ba fẹ lati wo gbogbo awọn ẹrọ bulọọki lori eto rẹ lẹhinna pẹlu aṣayan -a.

[email  ~ $ lsblk -a

NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda       8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk 
├─sda1    8:1    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda2    8:2    0   260M  0 part /boot/efi
├─sda3    8:3    0  1000M  0 part 
├─sda4    8:4    0   128M  0 part 
├─sda5    8:5    0 557.1G  0 part 
├─sda6    8:6    0    25G  0 part 
├─sda7    8:7    0  14.7G  0 part 
├─sda8    8:8    0     1M  0 part 
├─sda9    8:9    0 324.5G  0 part /
└─sda10   8:10   0   7.9G  0 part [SWAP]
sdb       8:16   1         0 disk 
sr0      11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  
ram0      1:0    0    64M  0 disk 
ram1      1:1    0    64M  0 disk 
ram2      1:2    0    64M  0 disk 
ram3      1:3    0    64M  0 disk 
ram4      1:4    0    64M  0 disk 
ram5      1:5    0    64M  0 disk 
ram6      1:6    0    64M  0 disk 
ram7      1:7    0    64M  0 disk 
ram8      1:8    0    64M  0 disk 
ram9      1:9    0    64M  0 disk 
loop0     7:0    0         0 loop 
loop1     7:1    0         0 loop 
loop2     7:2    0         0 loop 
loop3     7:3    0         0 loop 
loop4     7:4    0         0 loop 
loop5     7:5    0         0 loop 
loop6     7:6    0         0 loop 
loop7     7:7    0         0 loop 
ram10     1:10   0    64M  0 disk 
ram11     1:11   0    64M  0 disk 
ram12     1:12   0    64M  0 disk 
ram13     1:13   0    64M  0 disk 
ram14     1:14   0    64M  0 disk 
ram15     1:15   0    64M  0 disk 

5. Bii o ṣe le tẹjade Alaye Awọn oludari USB

A lo aṣẹ lsusb lati ṣe ijabọ alaye nipa awọn oludari USB ati gbogbo awọn ẹrọ ti o ni asopọ si wọn.

[email  ~ $ lsusb

Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp. 
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. 
Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc 
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

O le lo aṣayan -v lati ṣe ina alaye alaye nipa ẹrọ USB kọọkan.

[email  ~ $ lsusb -v

6. Bii a ṣe le tẹjade Alaye Awọn Ẹrọ PCI

Awọn ẹrọ PCI le pẹlu awọn ebute USB, awọn kaadi eya aworan, awọn alamuuṣẹ nẹtiwọọki ati bẹbẹ lọ Ohun elo lspci ni a lo lati ṣe alaye nipa gbogbo awọn oludari PCI lori ẹrọ rẹ pẹlu awọn ẹrọ ti o ni asopọ si wọn.

Lati tẹjade alaye nipa awọn ẹrọ PCI ṣiṣe aṣẹ atẹle.

[email  ~ $ lspci

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b)
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller (rev 0b)
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04)
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04)
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4)
00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev e4)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04)
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04)
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04)
01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10)
02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter
03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)

Lo aṣayan -t lati ṣe agbejade iṣelọpọ ni ọna kika igi kan.

[email  ~ $ lspci -t

-[0000:00]-+-00.0
           +-02.0
           +-03.0
           +-14.0
           +-16.0
           +-1b.0
           +-1c.0-[01]----00.0
           +-1c.3-[02]----00.0
           +-1c.4-[03]----00.0
           +-1d.0
           +-1f.0
           +-1f.2
           \-1f.3

Lo aṣayan -v lati ṣe alaye alaye nipa ẹrọ ti a sopọ mọ kọọkan.

[email  ~ $ lspci -v

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b)
	Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978
	Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0
	Capabilities: 

00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
	Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d
	Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62
	Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
	Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
	I/O ports at 6000 [size=64]
	Expansion ROM at  [disabled]
	Capabilities: 
	Kernel driver in use: i915
.....

7. Bii a ṣe le tẹjade Alaye Awọn Ẹrọ SCSI

Lati wo gbogbo awọn ẹrọ scsi/sata rẹ, lo aṣẹ lsscsi bi atẹle. Ti o ko ba ni ohun elo lsscsi ti fi sori ẹrọ, ṣiṣe aṣẹ atẹle lati fi sii.

$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi        [on Debian derivatives]
# yum install lsscsi                 [On RedHat based systems]
# dnf install lsscsi                 [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]

Lẹhin fifi sori ẹrọ, ṣiṣe aṣẹ lsscsi bi o ti han:

[email  ~ $ lsscsi

[0:0:0:0]    disk    ATA      ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3  /dev/sda 
[1:0:0:0]    cd/dvd  PLDS     DVD-RW DA8A5SH   RL61  /dev/sr0 
[4:0:0:0]    disk    Generic- xD/SD/M.S.       1.00  /dev/sdb 

Lo aṣayan -s lati fi awọn iwọn ẹrọ han.

[email  ~ $ lsscsi -s

[0:0:0:0]    disk    ATA      ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3  /dev/sda   1.00TB
[1:0:0:0]    cd/dvd  PLDS     DVD-RW DA8A5SH   RL61  /dev/sr0        -
[4:0:0:0]    disk    Generic- xD/SD/M.S.       1.00  /dev/sdb        -

8. Bii a ṣe le tẹjade Alaye nipa Awọn Ẹrọ SATA

O le wa diẹ ninu alaye nipa awọn ẹrọ sata lori eto rẹ bi atẹle nipa lilo iwulo hdparm. Ninu apẹẹrẹ ni isalẹ, Mo lo ẹrọ ohun amorindun/dev/sda1 eyiti harddisk lori eto mi.

[email  ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1

/dev/sda1:
 multcount     =  0 (off)
 IO_support    =  1 (32-bit)
 readonly      =  0 (off)
 readahead     = 256 (on)
 geometry      = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048

Lati tẹjade alaye nipa awọn geometry geometry ti awọn silinda, awọn olori, awọn apa, iwọn ati aiṣedeede ibẹrẹ ti ẹrọ, lo aṣayan -g.

[email  ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1

/dev/sda1:
 geometry      = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048

9. Bii a ṣe le tẹjade Alaye Eto Faili Linux

Lati ṣajọ alaye nipa awọn ipin eto faili, o le lo iyipada awọn ipin eto faili, o tun le lo lati wo alaye nipa awọn ipin oriṣiriṣi lori eto faili rẹ.

O le tẹjade alaye ipin bi atẹle. Ranti lati ṣiṣe aṣẹ naa bi alaga tabi bẹẹkọ o le ma rii eyikeyi iṣẹjade.

[email  ~ $ sudo fdisk -l

WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.


Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1               1  1953525167   976762583+  ee  GPT
Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.

10. Bii o ṣe le Fa Alaye jade nipa Awọn irinše Ohun elo

O tun le lo iwulo dmidecode lati jade alaye ti hardware nipa kika data lati awọn tabili DMI.

Lati tẹjade alaye nipa iranti, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii bi superuser.

[email  ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory

# dmidecode 2.12
# SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes
Memory Controller Information
	Error Detecting Method: None
	Error Correcting Capabilities:
		None
	Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave
	Current Interleave: One-way Interleave
	Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB
	Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB
	Supported Speeds:
		Other
	Supported Memory Types:
		Other
	Memory Module Voltage: Unknown
	Associated Memory Slots: 4
		0x0006
		0x0007
		0x0008
		0x0009
	Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities:
		None
...

Lati tẹ alaye nipa eto, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii.

[email  ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system

# dmidecode 2.12
# SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
	Manufacturer: LENOVO
	Product Name: 20354
	Version: Lenovo Z50-70
	Serial Number: 1037407803441
	UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
	Wake-up Type: Power Switch
	SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70
	Family: IDEAPAD
...

Lati tẹjade alaye nipa BIOS, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii.

[email  ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios

# dmidecode 2.12
# SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
	Vendor: LENOVO
	Version: 9BCN26WW
	Release Date: 07/31/2014
	Address: 0xE0000
	Runtime Size: 128 kB
	ROM Size: 4096 kB
	Characteristics:
		PCI is supported
		BIOS is upgradeable
		BIOS shadowing is allowed
		Boot from CD is supported
		Selectable boot is supported
		EDD is supported
		Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h)
		Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h)
		5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
		5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
		3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
		3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
		8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)
		CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h)
		ACPI is supported
		USB legacy is supported
		BIOS boot specification is supported
		Targeted content distribution is supported
		UEFI is supported
	BIOS Revision: 0.26
	Firmware Revision: 0.26
...

Lati tẹjade alaye nipa ero isise, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii.

[email  ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor

# dmidecode 2.12
# SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
	Socket Designation: U3E1
	Type: Central Processor
	Family: Core i5
	Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation
	ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF
	Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1
	Flags:
...

Akopọ

Ọpọlọpọ awọn ọna miiran lo wa ti o le lo lati gba alaye nipa awọn paati ohun elo eto rẹ. Pupọ ninu awọn ofin wọnyi lo awọn faili ninu itọsọna/proc lati yọ alaye eto jade.

Ireti pe o wa awọn imọran ati awọn imọran wọnyi ti o wulo ati ranti lati firanṣẹ asọye ni ọran ti o ba fẹ ṣafikun alaye diẹ si eyi tabi ti o ba dojuko awọn iṣoro eyikeyi ni lilo eyikeyi awọn ofin naa. Ranti lati wa ni asopọ nigbagbogbo si Tecmint.