10 Awọn ofin to wulo lati Gba Eto ati Alaye Ẹrọ ni Linux
O jẹ iṣe ti o dara nigbagbogbo lati mọ awọn paati ohun elo ti eto Lainos rẹ ti n ṣiṣẹ, eyi ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati ba awọn ọran ibamu nigbati o ba de fifi awọn idii sii, awọn awakọ lori eto rẹ.
Nitorinaa ninu awọn ofin iwulo wọnyi ti o le ṣe iranlọwọ fun ọ lati fa alaye jade nipa eto Lainos rẹ ati awọn paati ohun elo.
1. Bii o ṣe le Wo Alaye Eto Lainos
Lati mọ orukọ eto nikan, o le lo aṣẹ uname laisi eyikeyi iyipada yoo tẹ alaye eto tabi aṣẹ uname -s yoo tẹ orukọ ekuro ti eto rẹ.
[email ~ $ uname Linux
Lati wo orukọ olupinle nẹtiwọọki rẹ, lo iyipada ‘-n’ pẹlu aṣẹ uname bi o ti han.
[email ~ $ uname -n linux-console.net
Lati gba alaye nipa ẹya ekuro, lo ‘-v’ yipada.
[email ~ $ uname -v #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014
Lati gba alaye nipa itusilẹ ekuro rẹ, lo iyipada ‘-r’.
[email ~ $ uname -r 3.13.0-37-generic
Lati tẹ orukọ ẹrọ ohun elo ẹrọ rẹ, lo iyipada ‘-m’:
[email ~ $ uname -m x86_64
Gbogbo alaye yii ni a le tẹ ni ẹẹkan nipa ṣiṣe pipaṣẹ 'uname -a' bi a ṣe han ni isalẹ.
[email ~ $ uname -a Linux linux-console.net 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
2. Bii o ṣe le wo Alaye Ohun elo Ohun elo Linux
Nibi o le lo ohun elo lshw lati ṣajọ alaye ti o tobi nipa awọn paati ohun elo rẹ bii cpu, awọn disiki, iranti, awọn olutona USB ati bẹbẹ lọ.
lshw jẹ ọpa kekere ti o jo ati pe awọn aṣayan diẹ wa ti o le lo pẹlu rẹ lakoko yiyọ alaye jade. Alaye ti a pese nipasẹ lshw jọjọ oriṣiriṣi/awọn faili proc.
Akiyesi: Ranti pe aṣẹ lshw ti a ṣe nipasẹ superuser (gbongbo) tabi olumulo sudo.
Lati tẹjade alaye nipa ohun elo eto Linux rẹ, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw linux-console.net description: Notebook product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70) vendor: LENOVO version: Lenovo Z50-70 serial: 1037407803441 width: 64 bits capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32 configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98 *-core description: Motherboard product: Lancer 5A5 vendor: LENOVO physical id: 0 version: 31900059WIN serial: YB06377069 slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location *-firmware description: BIOS vendor: LENOVO physical id: 0 version: 9BCN26WW date: 07/31/2014 size: 128KiB capacity: 4032KiB capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int13floppynec int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi ......
O le tẹjade akopọ ti alaye ohun elo rẹ nipa lilo aṣayan -kukuru.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -short H/W path Device Class Description ===================================================== system 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70) /0 bus Lancer 5A5 /0/0 memory 128KiB BIOS /0/4 processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U CPU @ 1.70GHz /0/4/b memory 32KiB L1 cache /0/4/c memory 256KiB L2 cache /0/4/d memory 3MiB L3 cache /0/a memory 32KiB L1 cache /0/12 memory 8GiB System Memory /0/12/0 memory DIMM [empty] /0/12/1 memory DIMM [empty] /0/12/2 memory 8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns) /0/12/3 memory DIMM [empty] /0/100 bridge Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller /0/100/2 display Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller /0/100/3 multimedia Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller ...
Ti o ba fẹ ṣe agbejade iṣẹjade bi faili html, o le lo aṣayan -html.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html
3. Bii o ṣe le Wo Alaye Sipiyu Sipiyu
Lati wo alaye nipa Sipiyu rẹ, lo pipaṣẹ lscpu bi o ṣe fihan alaye nipa faaji Sipiyu rẹ gẹgẹbi nọmba ti Sipiyu, awọn ohun kohun, awoṣe ẹbi Sipiyu, awọn kaṣe CPU, awọn okun, ati be be lo lati sysfs ati/proc/cpuinfo.
[email ~ $ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 69 Stepping: 1 CPU MHz: 768.000 BogoMIPS: 4788.72 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 3072K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
4. Bii o ṣe le Gba Alaye Ẹrọ Ohun amorindun Linux
Awọn ẹrọ Àkọsílẹ jẹ awọn ẹrọ ipamọ gẹgẹbi awọn disiki lile, awọn awakọ filasi ati bẹbẹ lọ lsblk pipaṣẹ ni a lo lati ṣe ijabọ alaye nipa awọn ẹrọ bulọọki bi atẹle.
[email ~ $ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Ti o ba fẹ lati wo gbogbo awọn ẹrọ bulọọki lori eto rẹ lẹhinna pẹlu aṣayan -a.
[email ~ $ lsblk -a NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 1 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom ram0 1:0 0 64M 0 disk ram1 1:1 0 64M 0 disk ram2 1:2 0 64M 0 disk ram3 1:3 0 64M 0 disk ram4 1:4 0 64M 0 disk ram5 1:5 0 64M 0 disk ram6 1:6 0 64M 0 disk ram7 1:7 0 64M 0 disk ram8 1:8 0 64M 0 disk ram9 1:9 0 64M 0 disk loop0 7:0 0 0 loop loop1 7:1 0 0 loop loop2 7:2 0 0 loop loop3 7:3 0 0 loop loop4 7:4 0 0 loop loop5 7:5 0 0 loop loop6 7:6 0 0 loop loop7 7:7 0 0 loop ram10 1:10 0 64M 0 disk ram11 1:11 0 64M 0 disk ram12 1:12 0 64M 0 disk ram13 1:13 0 64M 0 disk ram14 1:14 0 64M 0 disk ram15 1:15 0 64M 0 disk
5. Bii o ṣe le tẹjade Alaye Awọn oludari USB
A lo aṣẹ lsusb lati ṣe ijabọ alaye nipa awọn oludari USB ati gbogbo awọn ẹrọ ti o ni asopọ si wọn.
[email ~ $ lsusb Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp. Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
O le lo aṣayan -v lati ṣe ina alaye alaye nipa ẹrọ USB kọọkan.
[email ~ $ lsusb -v
6. Bii a ṣe le tẹjade Alaye Awọn Ẹrọ PCI
Awọn ẹrọ PCI le pẹlu awọn ebute USB, awọn kaadi eya aworan, awọn alamuuṣẹ nẹtiwọọki ati bẹbẹ lọ Ohun elo lspci ni a lo lati ṣe alaye nipa gbogbo awọn oludari PCI lori ẹrọ rẹ pẹlu awọn ẹrọ ti o ni asopọ si wọn.
Lati tẹjade alaye nipa awọn ẹrọ PCI ṣiṣe aṣẹ atẹle.
[email ~ $ lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) 00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller (rev 0b) 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4) 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4) 00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev e4) 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04) 01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10) 02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter 03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)
Lo aṣayan -t lati ṣe agbejade iṣelọpọ ni ọna kika igi kan.
[email ~ $ lspci -t -[0000:00]-+-00.0 +-02.0 +-03.0 +-14.0 +-16.0 +-1b.0 +-1c.0-[01]----00.0 +-1c.3-[02]----00.0 +-1c.4-[03]----00.0 +-1d.0 +-1f.0 +-1f.2 \-1f.3
Lo aṣayan -v lati ṣe alaye alaye nipa ẹrọ ti a sopọ mọ kọọkan.
[email ~ $ lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62 Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] I/O ports at 6000 [size=64] Expansion ROM at [disabled] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: i915 .....
7. Bii a ṣe le tẹjade Alaye Awọn Ẹrọ SCSI
Lati wo gbogbo awọn ẹrọ scsi/sata rẹ, lo aṣẹ lsscsi bi atẹle. Ti o ko ba ni ohun elo lsscsi ti fi sori ẹrọ, ṣiṣe aṣẹ atẹle lati fi sii.
$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi [on Debian derivatives] # yum install lsscsi [On RedHat based systems] # dnf install lsscsi [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]
Lẹhin fifi sori ẹrọ, ṣiṣe aṣẹ lsscsi bi o ti han:
[email ~ $ lsscsi [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb
Lo aṣayan -s lati fi awọn iwọn ẹrọ han.
[email ~ $ lsscsi -s [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda 1.00TB [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 - [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb -
8. Bii a ṣe le tẹjade Alaye nipa Awọn Ẹrọ SATA
O le wa diẹ ninu alaye nipa awọn ẹrọ sata lori eto rẹ bi atẹle nipa lilo iwulo hdparm. Ninu apẹẹrẹ ni isalẹ, Mo lo ẹrọ ohun amorindun/dev/sda1 eyiti harddisk lori eto mi.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: multcount = 0 (off) IO_support = 1 (32-bit) readonly = 0 (off) readahead = 256 (on) geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
Lati tẹjade alaye nipa awọn geometry geometry ti awọn silinda, awọn olori, awọn apa, iwọn ati aiṣedeede ibẹrẹ ti ẹrọ, lo aṣayan -g.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
9. Bii a ṣe le tẹjade Alaye Eto Faili Linux
Lati ṣajọ alaye nipa awọn ipin eto faili, o le lo iyipada awọn ipin eto faili, o tun le lo lati wo alaye nipa awọn ipin oriṣiriṣi lori eto faili rẹ.
O le tẹjade alaye ipin bi atẹle. Ranti lati ṣiṣe aṣẹ naa bi alaga tabi bẹẹkọ o le ma rii eyikeyi iṣẹjade.
[email ~ $ sudo fdisk -l WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1953525167 976762583+ ee GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
10. Bii o ṣe le Fa Alaye jade nipa Awọn irinše Ohun elo
O tun le lo iwulo dmidecode lati jade alaye ti hardware nipa kika data lati awọn tabili DMI.
Lati tẹjade alaye nipa iranti, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii bi superuser.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes Memory Controller Information Error Detecting Method: None Error Correcting Capabilities: None Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave Current Interleave: One-way Interleave Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB Supported Speeds: Other Supported Memory Types: Other Memory Module Voltage: Unknown Associated Memory Slots: 4 0x0006 0x0007 0x0008 0x0009 Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities: None ...
Lati tẹ alaye nipa eto, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes System Information Manufacturer: LENOVO Product Name: 20354 Version: Lenovo Z50-70 Serial Number: 1037407803441 UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98 Wake-up Type: Power Switch SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 Family: IDEAPAD ...
Lati tẹjade alaye nipa BIOS, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes BIOS Information Vendor: LENOVO Version: 9BCN26WW Release Date: 07/31/2014 Address: 0xE0000 Runtime Size: 128 kB ROM Size: 4096 kB Characteristics: PCI is supported BIOS is upgradeable BIOS shadowing is allowed Boot from CD is supported Selectable boot is supported EDD is supported Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) 5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h) CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h) ACPI is supported USB legacy is supported BIOS boot specification is supported Targeted content distribution is supported UEFI is supported BIOS Revision: 0.26 Firmware Revision: 0.26 ...
Lati tẹjade alaye nipa ero isise, ṣiṣe aṣẹ yii.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes Processor Information Socket Designation: U3E1 Type: Central Processor Family: Core i5 Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1 Flags: ...
Akopọ
Ọpọlọpọ awọn ọna miiran lo wa ti o le lo lati gba alaye nipa awọn paati ohun elo eto rẹ. Pupọ ninu awọn ofin wọnyi lo awọn faili ninu itọsọna/proc lati yọ alaye eto jade.
Ireti pe o wa awọn imọran ati awọn imọran wọnyi ti o wulo ati ranti lati firanṣẹ asọye ni ọran ti o ba fẹ ṣafikun alaye diẹ si eyi tabi ti o ba dojuko awọn iṣoro eyikeyi ni lilo eyikeyi awọn ofin naa. Ranti lati wa ni asopọ nigbagbogbo si Tecmint.