5 Awọn ofin Wulo lati Ṣakoso Awọn Orisi Faili ati Akoko Eto ni Lainos - Apá 3

Ṣiṣe deede si lilo laini aṣẹ tabi ebute le jẹ lile pupọ fun awọn olubere ti o fẹ kọ Lainos. Nitori ebute naa n funni ni iṣakoso diẹ sii lori eto Linux ju awọn eto GUI lọ, ẹnikan ni lati lo lati ṣiṣẹ awọn ofin lori ebute naa. Nitorinaa lati ṣe iranti awọn ofin oriṣiriṣi ni Lainos, o yẹ ki o lo ebute naa lojoojumọ lati loye bi a ṣe lo awọn aṣẹ pẹlu awọn aṣayan ati awọn ariyanjiyan oriṣiriṣi.

Jọwọ lọ nipasẹ awọn ẹya ti tẹlẹ wa ti jara Awọn ẹtan Lainos yii.

5 Awọn Imọran laini pipaṣẹ Commandfin Ti Nkan Nkan ati Awọn ẹtan ni Linux - Apá 1
Awọn iwulo pipaṣẹ Wulo 10 fun Awọn tuntun - Apá 2

Ninu nkan yii, a yoo wo diẹ ninu awọn imọran ati ẹtan ti lilo awọn ofin 10 lati ṣiṣẹ pẹlu awọn faili ati akoko lori ebute naa.

Awọn Orisi Faili ni Lainos

Ni Lainos, gbogbo nkan ni a gba bi faili, awọn ẹrọ rẹ, awọn itọsọna ati awọn faili deede ni gbogbo wọn ṣe akiyesi bi awọn faili.

Awọn oriṣiriṣi awọn faili lo wa ninu eto Linux kan:

Awọn faili deede eyiti o le pẹlu awọn aṣẹ, awọn iwe aṣẹ, awọn faili orin, awọn sinima, awọn aworan, awọn iwe-ipamọ ati bẹbẹ lọ.
Awọn faili ẹrọ: eyi ti eto naa lo lati wọle si awọn paati ohun elo rẹ.

Awọn oriṣi meji ti awọn faili ẹrọ ṣe idiwọ awọn faili ti o ṣe aṣoju awọn ẹrọ ifipamọ gẹgẹbi awọn lile, wọn ka data ninu awọn bulọọki ati awọn faili ohun kikọ ka data ni kikọ nipa ihuwasi ihuwasi.

Awọn ọna asopọ Hardlink ati awọn ọna asopọ softlinks: wọn lo lati wọle si awọn faili lati eyikeyi ibiti o wa lori ilana faili Linux kan.
Awọn oniho ati awọn iho ti a darukọ: gba awọn ilana oriṣiriṣi laaye lati ba ara wọn sọrọ.

O le pinnu iru faili kan nipa lilo pipaṣẹ faili bi atẹle. Iboju iboju ni isalẹ fihan awọn apẹẹrẹ oriṣiriṣi ti lilo pipaṣẹ faili lati pinnu awọn oriṣi awọn faili oriṣiriṣi.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ dir
BACKUP				      master.zip
crossroads-stable.tar.gz	      num.txt
EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3   reggea.xspf
Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif  tmp-link

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file BACKUP/
BACKUP/: directory 

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file master.zip 
master.zip: Zip archive data, at least v1.0 to extract

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file crossroads-stable.tar.gz
crossroads-stable.tar.gz: gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: Tue Apr  5 15:15:20 2011

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif 
Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif: GIF image data, version 89a, 200 x 259

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3 
EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3: Audio file with ID3 version 2.3.0, contains: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 192 kbps, 44.1 kHz, JntStereo

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1: block special 

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ file /dev/tty1
/dev/tty1: character special

Ọna miiran ti ipinnu iru faili kan jẹ nipa ṣiṣe atokọ gigun nipa lilo awọn aṣẹ dir.

Lilo ls -l lati pinnu iru faili kan.

Nigbati o ba wo awọn igbanilaaye faili, ohun kikọ akọkọ fihan iru faili ati awọn oluṣowo miiran fihan awọn igbanilaaye faili naa.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l
total 6908
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint    4096 Sep  9 11:46 BACKUP
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 1075620 Sep  9 11:47 crossroads-stable.tar.gz
-rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5916085 Sep  9 11:49 EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint   42122 Sep  9 11:49 Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint   17627 Sep  9 11:46 master.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       5 Sep  9 11:48 num.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       0 Sep  9 11:46 reggea.xspf
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       5 Sep  9 11:47 tmp-link

Lilo ls -l lati pinnu idiwọ ati awọn faili ohun kikọ.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev/sda1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 1 Sep  9 10:53 /dev/sda1

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev/tty1
crw-rw---- 1 root tty 4, 1 Sep  9 10:54 /dev/tty1

Lilo dir -l lati pinnu iru faili kan.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ dir -l
total 6908
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint    4096 Sep  9 11:46 BACKUP
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint 1075620 Sep  9 11:47 crossroads-stable.tar.gz
-rwxr----- 1 tecmint tecmint 5916085 Sep  9 11:49 EDWARD-MAYA-2011-2012-NEW-REMIX.mp3
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint   42122 Sep  9 11:49 Linux-Security-Optimization-Book.gif
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint   17627 Sep  9 11:46 master.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       5 Sep  9 11:48 num.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       0 Sep  9 11:46 reggea.xspf
-rw-r--r-- 1 tecmint tecmint       5 Sep  9 11:47 tmp-link

Nigbamii ti a yoo wo awọn imọran lori kika nọmba awọn faili ti iru kan pato ninu itọsọna ti a fun ni lilo awọn ls, awọn aṣẹ wc. Ibaraẹnisọrọ laarin awọn aṣẹ waye nipasẹ piping ti a npè ni.

grep - pipaṣẹ lati wa ni ibamu si apẹẹrẹ ti a fun tabi ikosile deede.
wc - pipaṣẹ lati ka awọn ila, awọn ọrọ ati awọn kikọ.

Ni Lainos, awọn faili deede jẹ aṣoju nipasẹ aami - .

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^- | wc -l
7

Ni Lainos, awọn ilana wa ni ipoduduro nipasẹ aami d .

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^d | wc -l
1

Ni Lainos, iṣapẹẹrẹ ati awọn ọna asopọ lile jẹ aṣoju nipasẹ aami l .

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l | grep ^l | wc -l
0

Ni Lainos, awọn bulọọki ati awọn faili ohun kikọ ni aṣoju nipasẹ awọn aami b ati c lẹsẹsẹ.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev | grep ^b | wc -l
37
[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ ls -l /dev | grep ^c | wc -l
159

Nigbamii ti a yoo wo diẹ ninu awọn ofin ti ọkan le lo lati wa awọn faili lori eto Linux, iwọnyi pẹlu wiwa, wiwa, kini ati iru awọn aṣẹ.

Ninu iṣẹjade ni isalẹ, Mo n gbiyanju lati wa iṣeto olupin Samba fun eto mi.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ locate samba.conf
/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/samba.conf
/var/lib/dpkg/info/samba.conffiles

Lati kọ bi a ṣe le lo pipaṣẹ wiwa ni Linux, o le ka nkan atẹle wa ti o fihan diẹ sii ju 30 + awọn apẹẹrẹ iṣe ati lilo aṣẹ wiwa ni Lainos.

Awọn apẹẹrẹ 35 ti 'wa' infin ni Linux

A lo aṣẹ pupọ julọ lati wa awọn aṣẹ ati pe o ṣe pataki nitori pe o fun alaye nipa aṣẹ kan, o tun wa awọn faili atunto ati awọn titẹ sii ọwọ fun aṣẹ kan.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis bash
bash (1)             - GNU Bourne-Again SHell

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis find
find (1)             - search for files in a directory hierarchy

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ whatis ls
ls (1)               - list directory contents

Ofin wo ni a lo lati wa awọn aṣẹ lori eto faili.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ which mkdir
/bin/mkdir

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ which bash
/bin/bash

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ which find
/usr/bin/find

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ $ which ls
/bin/ls

Nigbati o ba n ṣiṣẹ ni agbegbe nẹtiwọọki kan, o jẹ iṣe ti o dara lati tọju akoko to tọ lori eto Linux rẹ. Awọn iṣẹ kan wa lori awọn ọna ṣiṣe Linux ti o nilo akoko to tọ lati ṣiṣẹ daradara lori nẹtiwọọki kan.

A o wo awọn ofin ti o le lo lati ṣakoso akoko lori ẹrọ rẹ. Ni Lainos, a ṣakoso akoko ni awọn ọna meji: akoko eto ati akoko ohun elo.

Akoko eto jẹ iṣakoso nipasẹ aago eto ati akoko ohun elo hardware ni a ṣakoso nipasẹ aago ohun elo kan.

Lati wo akoko eto rẹ, ọjọ ati agbegbe aago, lo aṣẹ ọjọ gẹgẹbi atẹle.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ date
Wed Sep  9 12:25:40 IST 2015

Ṣeto akoko eto rẹ nipa lilo ọjọ -s tabi ọjọ -set = ”STRING” bi atẹle.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date -s "12:27:00"
Wed Sep  9 12:27:00 IST 2015

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date --set="12:27:00"
Wed Sep  9 12:27:00 IST 2015

O tun le ṣeto akoko ati ọjọ bi atẹle.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo date 090912302015
Wed Sep  9 12:30:00 IST 2015

Wiwo ọjọ lọwọlọwọ lati kalẹnda kan nipa lilo pipaṣẹ cal.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ cal
   September 2015     
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  
       1  2  3  4  5  
 6  7  8  9 10 11 12  
13 14 15 16 17 18 19  
20 21 22 23 24 25 26  
27 28 29 30

Wo akoko aago ohun elo nipa lilo pipaṣẹ aago.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock
Wednesday 09 September 2015 06:02:58 PM IST  -0.200081 seconds

Lati ṣeto akoko aago ohun elo, lo hwclock –set –date = ”STRING” bi atẹle.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock --set --date="09/09/2015 12:33:00"

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ sudo hwclock
Wednesday 09 September 2015 12:33:11 PM IST  -0.891163 seconds

Akoko eto ti ṣeto nipasẹ aago ohun elo lakoko gbigbe ati nigbati eto ba n ku, akoko hardware ti tunto si akoko eto.

Nitorinaa nigbati o ba wo akoko eto ati akoko ohun elo, wọn jẹ kanna ayafi nigba ti o ba yi akoko eto pada. Akoko hardware rẹ le jẹ ti ko tọ nigbati batiri CMOS ko lagbara.

O tun le ṣeto akoko eto rẹ nipa lilo akoko lati aago ohun elo bi atẹle.

$ sudo hwclock --hctosys

O tun ṣee ṣe lati ṣeto akoko aago ohun elo nipa lilo akoko aago eto bi atẹle.

$ sudo hwclock --systohc

Lati wo iye igba ti eto Linux rẹ ti n ṣiṣẹ, lo pipaṣẹ akoko.

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime
12:36:27 up  1:43,  2 users,  load average: 1.39, 1.34, 1.45

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime -p
up 1 hour, 43 minutes

[email  ~/Linux-Tricks $ uptime -s
2015-09-09 10:52:47

Akopọ

Loye awọn oriṣi faili jẹ Lainos jẹ iṣe ti o dara fun awọn alabẹbẹ, ati ṣiṣakoso akoko tun ṣe pataki paapaa lori awọn olupin lati ṣakoso awọn iṣẹ ni igbẹkẹle ati daradara. Ṣe ireti pe o rii itọsọna yii wulo. Ti o ba ni alaye afikun eyikeyi, maṣe gbagbe lati firanṣẹ ọrọ kan. Duro ni asopọ si Tecmint.